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Introduction to 3D Printing
While traditional production relies on removal of the material from the solid cast or
mold, 3D printing adds the layers of the material on the existing layers.

3D printing is a computer-driven additive manufacturing technology used for producing the final product from a
digital model by laying down successive layers of material.

Typical 3D PrintingProcess

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 Major 3D Printing Technologies
Although all 3D printers use the basic “additive fabrication” method, that involves building
the part one layer at a time, they differ on the types of material and techniques used
The system uses thermoplastic material
A stereolithography apparatus uses which is melted to a semi-liquid state and
liquid plastic, a perforated platform, extruded according to computer-
and UV laser to print 3D objects controlled paths

Fused
Stereolithography Deposition
(SLA) Modelling
(FDM)

Major 3D
Printing 111particles of plastic, glass,
Small
A economical process where layers of Technologies or ceramics are fused together
adhesive-laminated paper or plastic
sheets are glued together and cut to from a high power laser to
create complexshapes form a solid 3D object
Laminated Selective
Object Laser
Manufacturing Sintering
(LOM) (SLS)
Baby becomes first person in the world to have 3d printed skull
 China has made medical history
 The first person in the world to have her entire skull reconstructed by 3D
printers. Known as the 'big-head baby
 fluid filled 85 per cent of her brain - making her skull three-four times
larger than it should have been, measuring around 20cmx20cm
 used CT scans and 3D data to create three titanium mesh skull implants
which combined, would replace the entire top portion of the toddler's
skull
 surgeons used 3D printing technology to create a titanium alloy skull and
successfully set it into Han Han's head during a 17-hour operation
Eagle’s Beak
 Skylar Tibbits

 Researcher & Architect Professor at

Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT)
 Focuses on developing
programmable materials
 Developing 4D Printing
 Founded the Self-Assembly Lab at
MIT
 Introduction to 4D Printing
3D Printer Smart Materials 4D Object

SMART Material
which can
transform upon
external stimuli

4D printing is a technique that uses a 3D printer to create objects that

change their shape when removed from the printer

Purpose
To make things self-assemble when exposed to air, water or heat due to the
chemical interaction of the materials
 Overview of 4D Object

 Some materials change physical

Smart property upon energy input
Materials  Materials expand upon heat
 Materials bend upon electric energy

 Natural energy source such as heat,

Energy pressure, etc
Source
 Controlled energy source such as
current, electromagnetic wave

Precise
 Arrange transformative material
Positioning
in precise angle, position
Control
 3D printer

Transformative materials without control is useless.

 ImportantAspectsof 4D Printing

4D
Printing

Multi SMART
Simulation
Software materials materials
printer

Simulation software for 3D printer with Materials that change

self-assembly and capability to print shape upon external
design constraints multiple SMART stimuli
optimization. materials  Shape memory alloy
 Autodesk  Stratasys  Self healing
 CATIA  ROVA materials
 Open Source  SolidView
 GeoMagic
 Cyborg 4D Simulation Software

• Cyborg, a design platform spanning applications from the nano-

scale to the human-scale.
• This software allows for simulated self-assembly and programmable
materials as well as optimization for design constraints and joint
folding.
• The aim is to tightly couple this new cross-disciplinary and cross-
scalar design tool with the real-world material transformation of 4D
printing.
 Cyborg 4D Simulation Software

: Multi-material Shape Change Over Time. His team worked with the
Autodesk bio/nano/programmable matter group and our software, Project
Cyborg, to simulate various shape transformations and optimize folding
sequences in 4D Printing.
Cyborg 4D Simulation Software
Cyborg 4D Simulation Software
 Classification of SMART materials

Type of SMART Material Input Output

Piezoelectric Deformation Potential Difference

Electrostrictive Potential Difference Deformation

Magnetostrictive Magnetic Field Deformation

Thermoelectric Temperature Potential Difference

Shape Memory Alloys Temperature Deformation

Photochromic Radiation Color Change

Thermochromics Temperature Color Change

 Comparison Between Materials
Material Conduc- Stren-gth Hard-ness Tough-ness Weight Corrosi-on Cost
tivity Resista-nce

Pine Medium/ Low/

Very poor Low Low Poor Low
low medium
MDF Low/
Very poor Low Low Low Poor Low
medium
Low-Carbon
Steel Very
Very good Very good Good High Poor Low
good

Stainless Very Very

Steel Very good Ex- cellent High Good High
good good
HIPS Very
Very poor Medium Low Good Low Low
good
Acrylic Low/
Very poor Medium Good Low Good Medium
medium
SMA Very
Very good Very good Good Medium Good High
good
List of Smart MetalAlloys
Smart Metal AlloyProperties
Properties of NiTiAlloys
Shape Memory Effect-An Example
 Application toSmartphone
Self healing smart phone
LG smartphone, G-Flex, which is curved and has a self-healing polymer
coating on the back: Light scratches disappear before your eyes
 Development of Self healing polymers

Polymer Healing Chemistry/ Best healing Healing

type approach method efficiency (%) conditions
Intrinsic Reversible bond 75 % < 1 min at -30°C
formation
Capsule Interdiffusion (solvent) 78% 4 – 5 min at 60°C
Thermoplastic based
Intrinsic Photo-induced healing 16% 10 min at 100°C

Intrinsic Nanoparticle healing - 2h at Ambient

Vascular Thermally reversible 60% 30 min at 115°C

crosslinks 6 h at 40°C
Thermoset
Vascular Thermoplastic 45% 1h at 160°C
additives
Capsule Microencapsulation 60% 48h at 80°C
based approach 24h at Ambient
Thermoset
composites Vascular Thermoplastic 80% 1.5h at 80°C
additives
 Applications of 4D Printing

Industrial
Manufacturing Healthcare

Robotic Consumer

Military Automotive
Industry

Aerospace
Adaptive Tyre Compound
 4D printed tyre compound which provide adaptive grip on road
condition
Smart Materials – Self-healing materials
Pipe Manufacturing
 Current pipe system is very rigid. To cater for
higher flow capacity, we have to replace the
whole pipe line.
 Solution: An adaptive 4D manufacturing
capability to produce capacity adaptable pipes
Smart Materials – Shape Memory Alloys
Nano Scale Objects in Biomedical Engineering. E.g Cardiac tube/Stent

 4D printed stent to be maneuvered to a spot and then

change form
 For example, 4D printed stent that is introduced
into an artery – and when ultrasound energy is applied
it balloons up to its needed configuration
Radial diagram for next 5years by
Printing Technology
 4D Printing Project

In a unique research collaboration between Stratasys’ Education,

R&D departments and MIT’s Self-Assembly Lab, a new process is
being developed, known as 4D Printing.

With Stratasys’ Connex technology, a single print, with multi-

material features, can transform from any 1D strand into 3D shape,
2D surface into 3D shape or more from one 3D shape into another.

The Connex multi material technology allows the researchers to

program different material properties into each of the various
particles of the designed geometry and harnesses the different
water-absorbing properties of the materials to activate the self-
assembly process.
 What’s Next? 4D Printing
Physical programming of macro-sized 3D materials to self-assemble themselves into
predetermined structures and shapes
A Possible Scenario for 4D Printing

Self Assembling Industrial 4D Environmental

3D Materials Printing Manufacturing
Printing
Holds potential to revamp
Exploring materials and Industry application will be
manufacturing introducing a
understanding reaction explored with cost of
new field of environmental
to externalelements technology more suited for
manufacturing in which
industrialapplications
ambient sources of energy,
water or even light will be
used as impetuses to self-
assemble

2013 2015 2035 2045

Ongoing Research on 4D Printing

Construction/ Architecture Medical
Space Exploration
Materials that could be programmed to Ongoing research on developing a nano robot
4D printed parts can be sent to
adapt and change shape in response to built from DNA strands in the form of a
space and programmed to self-
environment or situation. Example: clamshell basket, with double-helix "locks" that
assemble into an object at the
Pipes that expand when demand are only opened when the robot comes into
desired location.
increases contact with specific cancerouscells.

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Journal in 4d Printing
 Conclusion
 4D printing is a novel advancement to 3D printing
technology
 4D printing is focused on developing materials and
newer printing techniques that could reduce the
time taken for assembly of parts, in turn improving
the overall efficiency of the manufacturing process.
 Parts manufactured using this novel technology
would employ different types of SMART materials.
Developing technology
Developing technology

Emerging technology
 Developing technology

Emerging technology

New Emerging technology

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B9F5TumUU6c