Learning Objectives: Levers

Starter: Linking Time (5 – 10 minutes)

LO1: To identify the three
If you needed to get into this tin of paint-
different classes of lever.
explain how you would do it?
LO2: To give examples of each
class of lever and its location in
the body.
LO3: To describe how each lever
helps performance in different
sporting situations.

Success Criteria:
The ability to use connections from past
experiences (joints) to seek possible
generalisations (about levers)
Critically Think Starter
ACP Check

What do you already know about LEVERS?

VAA Check

Critical or logical thinking: The ability to deduct, hypothesise, reason, seek supporting evidence
Critically Think Starter
ACP Check

What
What do
do you think
levers would
allow us tomake up our
do with a lever system in
body?
the body?

A bone

A joint

A muscle VAA Check

(and the
body
weight)
Critical or logical thinking: The ability to deduct, hypothesise, reason, seek supporting evidence
Risky Learning
Lever A solid bar (bone/s) that turns around an axis to create movement and contains
three main components: fulcrum, resistance and effort. ACP
Che
ck
Effort The amount of force required to
move the load. Resistance The load or weight that the
lever must move (this could
range from the weight of a
body part to an external load
such as dumb bells).

VAA
Che
ck

Fulcrum A fixed point about which the lever

can turn; sometimes referred to as
the axis or point.

Risk-taking: The ability to demonstrate confidence; experiment

LS: Unit 1: Anatomy with
& Physiology: 5.3. Leversnovel ideas and effects; speculate willingly;
4
work in unfamiliar contexts; avoid coming to premature conclusions; tolerate uncertainty.
Risky Learning – First class lever
• ACP
Seesaw effect: fulcrum in the middle,
Che
resistance and effort at either side of ck
the fulcrum.

• Body in action: nodding the head

• Produce a wide range of motion and

speed.

VAA
Che
ck

Risk-taking: The ability to demonstrate confidence; experiment with novel ideas and effects; speculate willingly;
LS: Unit 1: Anatomy & Physiology: 5.3. Levers 5
work in unfamiliar contexts; avoid coming to premature conclusions; tolerate uncertainty.
Risky Learning - Second class lever
• Resistance between the fulcrum and effort ACP
Che
ck
• Body in action: lifting & moving a wheelbarrow,
where the resistance is the load inside the barrow

• Benefit is that effort used to move the load can be

much less than that of the moving load itself.

VAA
Che
ck

Risk-taking: The ability to demonstrate confidence; experiment with novel ideas and effects; speculate willingly;
LS: Unit 1: Anatomy & Physiology: 5.3. Levers 6
work in unfamiliar contexts; avoid coming to premature conclusions; tolerate uncertainty.
Risky Learning – Third class lever
ACP
Che
• Common in the body / sport. ck

• Effort is placed between fulcrum and the

resistance.

• 3rd class levers require more effort to perform a

task, greater range of motion and increase speed.

VAA
Che
ck

Risk-taking: The ability to demonstrate confidence; experiment with novel ideas and effects; speculate willingly;
LS: Unit 1: Anatomy & Physiology: 5.3. Levers 7
work in unfamiliar contexts; avoid coming to premature conclusions; tolerate uncertainty.
Risky Learning – How do you remember?
ACP
Che
ck

VAA
Che
ck

1 = Fulcrum is always in the middle (1st class lever)

2 = Load is always in the middle (2nd class lever)
3 = Effort is always in the middle (3rd class lever)

Risk-taking: The ability to demonstrate confidence; experiment with novel ideas and effects; speculate willingly;
LS: Unit 1: Anatomy & Physiology: 5.3. Levers 8
work in unfamiliar contexts; avoid coming to premature conclusions; tolerate uncertainty.
 Mechanical Advantage Mechanical advantage = effort arm ÷ resistance arm

ACP
Some levers operate with mechanical Che
ck
advantage. This means that the lever
can overcome a large load with
relatively little effort. Mechanical
advantage is very useful for joints
VAA
which are weight bearing as they Che
ck

have to overcome the weight of the

whole body.
If the distance form the fulcrum to the effort is greater
than the distance from the fulcrum to the load, the
lever has a mechanical advantage

LS: Unit 1: Anatomy & Physiology: 5.3. Levers 9

 Mechanical Advantage Mechanical advantage = effort arm ÷ resistance arm

Mechanical disadvantage = large effort to move a small load

ACP
First class leavers has a mechanical advantage as the Che
ck
fulcrum is closer to the load than it is to the effort.
Is also has a mechanical disadvantage if the fulcrum is
closer to the effort than the load

TASK
Second class levers always have a mechanical Using the correct symbols
advantage – the effort is always further away draw what a first class VAA
Che
from the fulcrum than the load is. lever with a mechanical ck
disadvantage would look
like.
Third class levers always have a mechanical
disadvantage – the distance from the fulcrum to
the effort is always less than the distance from
the fulcrum to the load.

LS: Unit 1: Anatomy & Physiology: 5.3. Levers 10

Hard working time

Name the component represented by a square ACP

Check
A. Lever
B. Load
C. Effort
D. Fulcrum

Which lever is this?

E. 1st class VAA
Check
F. 2nd class
G. 3rd class

Practice: The ability to train and prepare through repetition of the same processes in order to become more
proficient.
LS: Unit 1: Anatomy & Physiology: 5.3. Levers 12
Critically Think – Identify the levers in each image

ACP
Check

VAA
Check

Critical or logical thinking: The ability to deduct, hypothesise, reason, seek supporting evidence
Critically Think – Identify the levers in each image

ACP
Check
L F
E
L
THIRD
FIRST

E
E
L

F
L VAA
Check

E
F
E
L

SECOND
F F

Critical or logical thinking: The ability to deduct, hypothesise, reason, seek supporting evidence
Hard working time

ACP
Check

4. When kicking a football, a lever system operates to move

the
Knee joint from flexion to extension.

Identify the load, fulcrum and effort in this lever system. (3

marks) VAA
Check
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________

Practice: The ability to train and prepare through repetition of the same processes in order to become more
proficient.
Hard working time

ACP
Check

4. When kicking a football, a lever system operates to move

the
Knee joint from flexion to extension.

Identify the load, fulcrum and effort in this lever system. (3

marks) VAA
Check

The load is the weight of the lower leg and the foot (1), the
fulcrum is the knee joint (1) and the effort is the force applied
from the quadriceps (1)

Practice: The ability to train and prepare through repetition of the same processes in order to become more
proficient.
Hard working time

ACP
Check

VAA
Check

5. Give a sporting example for each lever. (3 marks)

Practice: The ability to train and prepare through repetition of the same processes in order to become more
proficient.
Hard working time

ACP
Check

VAA
Check

5. Give a sporting example for each lever. (3 marks)

1. Nodding the head in the fosbury flop (1)
2. Raising up onto the toes during long jump take off (1)
3. 5.AGive
bicepa curl in a fitness
sporting exampleclass
for(1)
each lever. (3 marks)
Practice: The ability to train and prepare through repetition of the same processes in order to become more
proficient.
 LO1: Be able to recall and retrieve previous knowledge
LO2: Be able to apply the correct volume of knowledge to exam style questions, depending on the marks available

DEFINE: 1 MARK
A voluntary muscle
Origin AND RETRIEVAL
Insertion
PYRAMID PRACTICE
Adduction Fast twitch
DEFINE & EXAMPLE: 2 MARKS with muscle fibres
and sporting
example

The
The muscle action
Muscular needed for puling
System DESCRIBE: 2 MARKS the arm back in An involuntary
archery muscle

Which muscle fibres are used in a

EXPLAIN: 3 MARKS long distance cycling event

Plantar flexion and dorsi flexion

COMPARE: 4 MARKS
 LO1: Be able to recall and retrieve previous knowledge
LO2: Be able to apply the correct volume of knowledge to exam style questions, depending on the marks available

Origin AND Insertion – the points

DEFINE: 1 MARK where a muscle attaches to a
A voluntary muscle- muscle that is
RETRIEVAL consciously controlled by the individual bone. The origin is the fixed end
PYRAMID DEFINE & EXAMPLE: 2 MARKS
of the muscle attachement.
Fast twitch fibres- can Where the muscle contracts this
PRACTICE Adduction with muscle and sporting generate more force end of the bone will not move.
example- adduction is when the but tire quickly, they Insertion IS THE END OF THE
movement comes towards the body, this are used for
MUSCLE THAT IS ATTACHED TO
could be the pulling arm action in front anaerobic activities
THE BONE THAT WILL MOVE
crawl such as a 100m sprint when the muscle contracts
The DESCRIBE: 2 MARKS
The muscle action needed for An involuntary muscle- muscle
Muscular puling the arm back in that is not consciously controlled
System archery- The latissimus dorsi by the individual for example the
adducts and rotates the digestive system
humerous at the shoulder

Which muscle fibres are used in a long distance cycling

event- slow twitch muscle fibres will be used in a long
EXPLAIN: 3 MARKS distance event like this because they are slow to tire. They
are efficient at using oxygen because they have a large
number of mitochondria/ myglobin and a good capillary
network
COMPARE: 4 MARKS Plantar flexion and dorsi flexion- plantar flexion is extension of
the ankle by pointing the toes in a gymnastics straddle for
example. Whereas dorsi flexion is flexing the foot upwards and
bringing it towards the shin as you would do in horse riding
 Learning Objectives: Planes and Axis
Starter: Linking Time (5 – 10 minutes)
1.To know the three What direction of movement are these athletes moving in?
different types of
planes and axes in the
human body
2.To understand how
these relate to
sporting examples
3.To be able to apply
knowledge to an exam
based question
Hard working time – Planes and Axis

ACP
These two terms can be used when describing movement patterns in the anatomical Check

position.
When movement occurs planes and axes are drawn through the bodies anatomical
position

Definition:
VAA
PLANE = An imaginary flat surface dividing the body into two Check

AXIS = An imaginary line in which the body can turn around

Practice: The ability to train and prepare through repetition of the same processes in order to become more
proficient.
Hard
Hardworking
workingtime
time––Planes
Planesand
andAxis
Axis

PLANE = An imaginary flat surface dividing the body into two

ACP
Check

Planes are used to There are 3 planes of movement.

describe the direction
of a movement. Can you guess which planes our
body moves in?
VAA

When you move a

Check

body part it moves in

a plane.

Practice: The ability to train and prepare through repetition of the same processes in order to become more
proficient.
Hard
Hardworking
workingtime
time––Planes
Planesand
andAxis
Axis

PLANE = An imaginary flat surface dividing the body into two

ACP

There are 3 planes of Check

movement.

• Sagittal Plane
VAA
Check

• Transverse Plane

• Frontal Plane
Practice: The ability to train and prepare through repetition of the same processes in order to become more
proficient.
Hard
Hardworking
workingtime
time––Planes
Planesand
andAxis
Axis

PLANE = An imaginary flat surface dividing the body into two

ACP

Sagittal Plane Check

This divides the

body left to right.
VAA
Check

Can you give a sporting example for

this plane of movement?

Practice: The ability to train and prepare through repetition of the same processes in order to become more
proficient.
Hard
Hardworking
workingtime
time––Planes
Planesand
andAxis
Axis

PLANE = An imaginary flat surface dividing the body into two

ACP

Transverse Plane Check

This divides the

body into top and
bottom. VAA
Check

Can you give a sporting example for

this plane of movement?

Practice: The ability to train and prepare through repetition of the same processes in order to become more
proficient.
Hard
Hardworking
workingtime
time––Planes
Planesand
andAxis
Axis

PLANE = An imaginary flat surface dividing the body into two

ACP

Frontal Plane Check

This divides the

body into front
and back VAA
Check

Can you give a sporting example for

this plane of movement?

Practice: The ability to train and prepare through repetition of the same processes in order to become more
proficient.
Hard
Hardworking
workingtime
time––Planes
Planesand
andAxis
Axis
PLANE = An imaginary flat surface dividing the body into two

SAGITTAL
FRONTAL
ACP
Flexion & extension movements Check

Examples:
Running &
walking

VAA
Adduction & abduction Check

movements Examples: straddle

TRANSVERSE
jump & jumping
jacks
Rotation
movements
Examples: hip
movement in a golf
swing
Hard
Hardworking
workingtime
time––Planes
Planesand
andAxis
Axis
PLANE = An imaginary flat surface dividing the body into two

SAGITTAL
FRONTAL
ACP
Flexion & extension movements Check

Examples:
Running &
walking

VAA
Adduction & abduction Check

movements Examples: straddle

TRANSVERSE
jump & jumping
jacks
Rotation
movements
Examples: hip
movement in a golf
swing
Hard
Hardworking
workingtime
time––Planes
Planesand
andAxis
Axis
PLANE = An imaginary flat surface dividing the body into two

ACP
Check

VAA
Check

Break the bear Task

Divide each of your 3 bears in half after what we
have just learnt… And then write down movements
allowed and sporting examples around the jelly
babies
Hard
Hardworking
workingtime
time––Planes
Planesand
andAxis
Axis
PLANE = An imaginary flat surface dividing the body into two

Now lets create our own! ACP

Check

Collect from the front of the

class:

• 1 work sheet per pupil

• 6 jelly bears per pupil, VAA
Check

• 1 piece of card per pupil

• 3 cocktail sticks per pupil.

DON’T EAT THEM…. YET!

Use just the card and 3 jelly

babies for this first task…
Hard
Hardworking
workingtime
time––Planes
Planesand
andAxis
Axis
PLANE = An imaginary flat surface dividing the body into two
TASK:
Which plane does the following sporting TR A ACP
Check

example demonstrate? movement(s) NS

use? VE
SAG RSE
FRO IT TAL
NTA 360 SPIN
VAA
Check

L BICEP CURLS
1. Know: the movement patterns using sagittal, frontal and transverse planes and frontal,
sagittal, vertical axes. 2. Understand: the differences between the planes and axes and use
examples, applying them to physical activities and sporting actions. 3. Be able to: apply
the movement patterns knowledge using body planes and axes, comparing and
contrasting different types of sporting actions.
 Planes and Axis
Learning Objectives: Starter: Linking Time (5 – 10 minutes)
What is an Axis?
1.To know the three
different types of
planes and axes in the
human body
2.To understand how
these relate to
sporting examples
3.To be able to apply
knowledge to an exam
based question
Hard
Hardworking
workingtime
time––Planes
Planesand
andAxis
Axis

Movement happens around axes ACP

Check

(plural of axis)

1) An axis of movement is an imaginary line which runs through the

body.
2) When a body part (or your whole body) moves, it moves around (or VAA
Check

‘about’) an axis.
3) There are three types of axis you need to know…

Practice: The ability to train and prepare through repetition of the same processes in order to become more
proficient.
Hard
Hardworking
workingtime
time––Planes
Planesand
andAxis
Axis

AXIS = An axis of movement is an imaginary line which runs through the body.

ACP

There are 3 types of axis- Check

• Sagittal Axis
VAA
Check

• Vertical Axis

• Frontal Axis

Practice: The ability to train and prepare through repetition of the same processes in order to become more
proficient.
Hard
Hardworking
workingtime
time––Planes
Planesand
andAxis
Axis

AXIS = An axis of movement is an imaginary line which runs through the body.

Sagittal Axis ACP

Check

Runs through the

body from front to
back VAA
Check

Can you give a sporting example that

happens around this Axis?

Practice: The ability to train and prepare through repetition of the same processes in order to become more
proficient.
Hard
Hardworking
workingtime
time––Planes
Planesand
andAxis
Axis

AXIS = An axis of movement is an imaginary line which runs through the body.

Vertical Axis ACP

Check

Runs through the

body from top to
bottom VAA
Check

Can you give a sporting example that

happens around this Axis?

Practice: The ability to train and prepare through repetition of the same processes in order to become more
proficient.
Hard
Hardworking
workingtime
time––Planes
Planesand
andAxis
Axis

AXIS = An axis of movement is an imaginary line which runs through the body.

Frontal Axis ACP

Check

Runs through the

body from left to
right VAA
Check

Can you give a sporting example that

happens around this Axis?

Practice: The ability to train and prepare through repetition of the same processes in order to become more
proficient.
Hard
Hardworking
workingtime
time––Planes
Planesand
andAxis
Axis

AXIS = An axis of movement is an imaginary line which runs through the body.

Movement Analysis- When a body ACP

Check

moves it can move around more than

one axis and through more than one
plane

Break the Bear…Again! VAA

Check

Grab 3 bears and three cocktail sticks.

Put the sticks through the babies which
mirrors the axes of rotation and think
about sporting examples that link to
these axes.

Practice: The ability to train and prepare through repetition of the same processes in order to become more
proficient.
Hard
Hardworking
workingtime
time––Planes
Planesand
andAxis
Axis

AXIS = An axis of movement is an imaginary line which runs through the body.
3) State the plane and axis used during the following
movements. ACP
Check

(6 marks)
Grade
3-5
(i) Cartwheel

(2 marks) Grade
VAA
5-7 Check

(ii) Forward roll

(2 marks)
Grade
5-7
(iii) Full Twist

(2 marks)
Practice: The ability to train and prepare through repetition of the same processes in order to become more
proficient.
Hard
Hardworking
workingtime
time––Planes
Planesand
andAxis
Axis

AXIS = An axis of movement is an imaginary line which runs through the body.

3) State the plane and axis used during the following movements. ACP
Check
(6 marks)

Grade

(i) Frontal plane (1 mark) and sagittal axis (1 mark) 3-5

(2 marks)
VAA
Check
Grade

(ii) Sagittal plane (1 mark) and frontal axis (1 mark) 5-7

(2 marks)

Grade

(iii) Transverse plane (1 mark) and vertical axis (1 mark) 5-7

(2 marks)

Practice: The ability to train and prepare through repetition of the same processes in order to become more
proficient.