Communication

Networks including the Internet

Section 2.1
Part 2
 Learning Objectives
 Candidates should be able to:
- show understanding of the bus, star, mesh, and
hybrid topologies
 Network Topology
 There are five requirements for
data communications system:
(1) a sender
(2) a receiver
(3) a transmission medium
(4) a message
(5) protocol
 Network Topology
 A transmission medium can be air (WIFI)
or cables
 Data can be sent through the medium in
different modes:
- simplex mode where data flow is one-way only
- half duplex where data can flow either way but
not simultaneously
- full duplex where simultaneous both-way data
flow is possible
 Network Topology
 A ‘message’ is of any type of data, which
can be sent either:
- a broadcast which is one-to-all communication
(as used traditionally for radio and television)
- a multicast, which is from one source to many
destinations
- a unicast, which is a one-to-one communication
Network Topology
 Key Terms
- Topology: the configuration of a
network that defines how the various
devices on the network are
connected
- Bus topology: contains one
shared link to which all devices are
attached
Network Topology
 Key Terms
- Mesh topology: contains direct
links between devices
- End-system: a computer or server
connected to a network
- Star topology: each end-system
is linked to a central device
Network Topology
 Key Terms
- Hybrid network: a collection of
connected LANs where some of them
have different topologies or
supporting technologies
- Cable: a transmission using copper
wire or fibre-optic
Network Topology
 Key Terms
- Bandwidth: a measure of the
amount of data that can be
transmitted per second
Network Topology
 Point-to-point network
- Two systems can are connected by a network
link, which, is a dedicated link.
- Transmission might be simplex or duplex, and
message can only be unicast.
Network Topology
 Bus topology
Network Topology
 Bus topology
- Early LAN topologies user either a ring or a
bus topology (ring is not covered as it is not used very
often now).
- A bus topology has one link but it is shared by
a number of end-systems and is therefore
described as a multi-point connection.
 Network Topology
 Bus topology
- There is no direct connection between any
pair of end-systems.
- A message must therefore be broadcast even
though it might only be intended for one end-
system.
- This topology is resilient because a fault in an
end-system or in the link to it does not affect
the use of the network by the other end-systems
Network Topology
 Mesh topology
 Network Topology
 Mesh topology
- In this configuration, each end-
system has a point-to-point
connection to each of the other end-
systems.
- Transmission is duplex, messages
might be multicast or broadcast.
Network Topology
 Mesh topology
- Slide 14 shows end-systems connected in a
mesh topology but this is unrealistic because of
the amount of cabling required.
- A mesh topology can be used when individual
LAN of switches are connected in a network.
- The topology is essential for the connections
of routers within the infrastructure of the Internet
Network Topology
 Star topology
Network Topology
 Star topology
- In a star topology, each end-system has a
point-to-point connection to a central device.
- Transmission is duplex and messages from
the central device might be unicast, multicast or
broadcast.
- The failure of an end-system, or its link,
leaves the other end-systems unaffected.
However, the central device must not fail.
Network Topology
 Star topology
- Currently, the star topology is the usual way to
configure a network. There are many reasons for
this. The most important is that the central
device can be used to connect to other networks
and, in particular, to the internet.
Network Topology
 Hybrid topology
- In a situation where several LANs are
connected, they can have different topologies or
support technologies.
- This collection of LANs then becomes a
HYBRID network.