Introduction1

HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY
Collage of Health & Medical Sciences

School of Nursing & Midwifery
Department of Emergency & Critical Care Nursing
INTRODUCTION TO BASIC FIRST AID
Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

By:- Ame Mehadi (BSc, MSc-EMCCN) Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing
Learning Objectives
 At the end of this lesson student will be able to;
►define first aid
►explain responsibilities of first aider
►explain values of first aid training
►determine the purposes and principles of first aid
►discus general directions to provide first aid
►discuss priority measures for any victims with emergency situation.
►identify basic first aid equipment
►describe principles of accident prevention

Case scenario
 Formulate a group, read the following case scenario and reflect your idea to
the questions provided.
►You are arriving at following accident scene just alone.

… scenario
 The questions;
►What is your immediate action that should you do?
►What is the most important interventions that do you think in this
scenario?
►What kinds of injury you may suspect to occur to the indicated
passenger?
►What SHOULD YOU take to such accident scene always?

Think!!!
What knowledge and skills you will acquire from this course?

1.2. Introduction: First aid
 Historical backgrounds of first aid
►First aid to sick and wounded has been practiced since ancient time.
►The idea of first aid is first conceived by the famous general surgeon,
General Esmarch (1823‒1908).
►But, an organized world wide effort of first aid came only in the year
of 1877 with formulation of St, John Ambulance association of
England.
►Since then, the universal need and utility of first aid has been
increasing in this modern mechanized civilization.

Introduction…

Introduction: The need for emergency care
 Statistics shows that
►raising incidence of accidental injuries & acute illness.
►accidents are the leading cause of death among productive age groups.
 The raising burdens of accidental injuries and acute illness leads to;
►Increasing the annual cost of medical attention,
►the loss of earning ability due to temporary or permanent impairment,
►the direct property damage, and the insurance costs billions of dollars
each year
►the toll in pain, suffering, disability, and personal tragedy.

Introduction…..
 Human populations are rapidly growing. As a results
►disturbances in environmental conditions & habits, this leads to;
 rising occurrence of natural & man-made disasters
 alterations in natural resource consumptions & land usage.
►leads to rising conflicts & violence among people

►advancement in technologies and increased use of its products.
►leads to rising injuries/illness as a systems made by human itself

become out of control
 Thus more peoples facing a sudden injuries & acute illness

Introduction ….
 Definitions: First aid
►is the provision of immediate assistance or an initial care given to a
victim with an injury or sudden illness before a person gets expert
medical help, usually using locally available materials or materials at
hand.
►is a temporary and immediate care given to an injured or suddenly ill
person before the arrival of emergency medial care.
►is helping behavior & initial care:- it includes well‒ selected words of
encouragement, sign of willingness to help and promotion of self‒
confidence
 A first aider – is someone with a formal training

1.3. Principal aims of First Aid
 Generally the 3 P’s of principles of first aid are;
 Preserving life:-
►the principal aim of first aid is to save life, it is to make difference
between life & death.
►e.g. Rescue breathing.
 Preventing complications:-
►temporary & permanent disabilities as well as any further injury.
►e.g. stop bleeding or immobilization of fractured bone etc.
 Promoting healing and recovery:‒
►is trying to start recovery process from injury or illness time, this will
facilitate rapid recovery & shortens hospitalization.

Aims of first aid
 The key aims of first aid includes:
►To recognize life-threatening situations.
►To activate the EMS system.
►To sustain/preserve life – e.g. Artificial respiration, CPR
►To prevent worsening of the problem/complications
 e.g. Immobilizing the fractured bone.
►To prevent disabilities (temporary Vs permanent)
►To prevent any further injury
►To preserve vitality & further resistance. e.g. Control bleeding...
►To provide pain relief e.g. use of ice packs or applying of sling
►To provide reassurances.
►To protect any unconscious victim.
1.4. Values of first aid training

Values of first aid training
 the need for first aid training is greater than ever due to;
►rising magnitudes of sudden illness & injuries as a result of
1. rapid growth of world population and
2. increased use of technological products such as
 mechanical & electrical appliances
 Further, there is growing demand for first aid training/knowledge/skill for ;

►a personal use and to be certified as first-aiders;
►institution as a part of industrial & commercial establishments.

… Values of First Aid Training
 Why first aid skills for a personal use? Because
►sudden illness & injuries can happen anytime,
 hence basic skills of first aids helps for rescuing, perhaps saving lives and
minimizing injury at events of an urgency.
►you need to use those skills on the job, at home, and elsewhere in the
community.
►a better handling of tragic emergencies,

 can make the difference between life and death
 may an event that minimize the need to hospital care

Cont’d…
 The best way to prepare for emergency is
►to be certified in first aid basic skills such as;
 Airway & respiratory intervention
 Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
 Bleeding control and special wound care
 Stabilization of injuries and splinting of fractures
 Hence, first aid training should be universal:

►everyone can/should learn and
►everyone should give first aid

1. Self-Help:
►Skillful person
 can be able to care for him/herself in case of injury or sudden illness.
 better care for him/herself during emergency.
 can direct others in his/her behave, in carrying out correct procedures
to follow if affected and if condition permits.
2. Help for Others:

►it is an obligation on a humanitarian basis to assist the
traumatized and helpless.
►saving life and/or relieve suffering is greater satisfaction.
3. Preparation for Disaster prevention and management:
►Knowing what to do during disaster
►particular importance, when;
 delayed medical services
 limited hospital services
4. Safety Awareness:
►helps others to develop safety awareness & habits that promote
safety;
 at home, at work, during recreation, and
 on the streets and highways.
Help! Emergency!
 Minutes could
make a difference

1.5. Role and responsibility of first aid provider
 First Aider
►is someone who trained to provide initial emergency
medical care using a limited equipment.
 What can first aid provider do?
►can perform primary assessment and intervention while
awaiting arrival of EMS personnel.
 Who can be first aid provider?
►is someone with a formal training; including:
 First aider, First responder, Paramedic,
 Police men or fireman; e.t.c.

By:- Ame Mehadi (BSc, MSc) Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing
1.5. Role and responsibility ……
 as a first aider your are expected to
► respond to emergencies that you have been trained to handle
► assess the situation quickly and safely and summon appropriate help
► protect casualties and others at the scene from possible danger
► identify, as far as possible, the nature of illness or injury affecting casualty.
► give each casualty early and appropriate treatment, treating the most serious condition first.
 Anybody providing first aid, has an obligations to
► arrange for the casualty’s removal to hospital
► remain with a casualty until definitive care or handover
► report your observations to those taking care of the casualty, and to give further assistance if required.
 Duty to act
► Initially ask the victims, if you can help them (assume that he/she would want to help)
► Do not act beyond scope
► there are circumstances under which you can decide whether to help or not

General Rules to provide First Aids
 Be calm and confident (safety first)
►Calm the injured person
►Give a confidence that you know what you are doing.
 Seek medical attention immediately
 Examine the victim gently and treat the most urgent injuries 1st & then other injuries
to the best of your ability.
 Handle with care
 Protect from harm – Aware that further injury may happen during caring for victim
 Don't move injured victim
►Treat the victim on spot unless dangerous to do so.
►Keep the victim lying down
 Don't touch open wounds or burns with fingers
 Avoid allowing a victim to see his own injury
General Rules …….
 Keep NPO, for unconscious victims
 Don’t try to arouse an unconscious person.
 Care for any life-threatening conditions first.
 Give the care that is needed, within the scope of training, and follow these
general guidelines:
►Monitor the person’s breathing and level of responsiveness.
►Help the person rest in the most comfortable position.
►If necessary, roll the person into the recovery position.
►Keep the person from getting chilled or overheated.
►Reassure the person by repeating that you are there to help and that
EMS personnel have been called (if this is true).
►Continue to watch for changes in the person’s condition.
Characteristics of a First Aider
1. Resourceful
►using who ever near to & what ever at hand, to prevent further
damage.
2. Tactful
►without unnecessary questions, understand the symptoms &
history of the case, and secure the confidence of the causality, and
the bystanders in the Tx of the causality.
3. Dexterous
►handle a causality without causing unnecessary pain and use
appliances efficiently, effectively and quickly.

By:- Ame Mehadi (BSc, MSc-EMCCN) 25
Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing
Characteristics ……
4. Explicit
►having clear instruction & clear communication with the causality
and the bystanders.
5. Persevering
►able to continue the efforts, though not at first successful, until
relieved by other authorized personnel, or death of the causality is
known.
6. Discriminating
►decide which causality/victim should be treated first.
7. Sympathetic
►give real comfort & encouragement to the suffering, first principles of
humanity.
1.6. General directions to provide first aid
 The general directions to provide first aid are;
1. Assess the situation quickly and calmly
►observe scene upon approach.
►Assure Safety – Keep yourself & others at scene safe.
►Safety – any danger to you or the casualty?
 if yes put on your safety first and deal any danger when it is safe.
►Scene – cause of the accident?
►Situation: what’s happened? Condition of victim?

Securing the Scene
 Before performing any First Aid, Check for: ►Environmental Hazards
 Traffic
 Electrical hazards
 Electrical Wires
 Chemical hazards  Gas Leak
 Noxious & Toxic gases
 Ground hazards
 Fire
 Unstable equipment

1.6. General directions …...
2. Protect yourself and the victims from any danger
►Staying safe during First Aid
►Move the victims
 only if necessary
 if leaving would cause more harm
3. Prevent infection between you and the victim

►Self Protection is also priority
►Blood and Bodily Fluid: HIV, Hepatitis B
► ALWAYS WEAR GLOVES when dealing with blood or body fluids
4. Comfort and reassure the victim – make rapport and reassure

the victim.
1.6. General directions …….
5. Assess the victim – identify any life-threatening conditions
►Gain access to the victim, and determine immediate threats to life.
►Use primary survey/ABCDE approach
6. Provide first aid care

►Prioritize most life‒threatening conditions then move on to less serious ones
►Provide BLS to those whose lives are threatened (to those with most serious problem).
►Get help from others if possible
7. Arrange for the right kind of help –

►Activate the EMS system/call for ambulance
►Arrange for the transfer or transport of the casualty
►Stay with them until EMS arrive
I. Assessing the casualty…
 Assessing the casualty (identifying the problem)
►A detailed evaluations is not essential
►Prioritize care
 treat the greatest threat to life first
►Carryout a rapid primary Survey
 “ABCDE” of primary Survey is key to identify life threatening conditions.
 Once a life threatening condition is discovered actions should not be
delayed
► If a victim’s condition is instantly life threatening, perform first aid immediately.

A) Primary Survey
 Most crucial assessment tool in acute illness and injury care
►About 1-2 minutes is MAXIMUM !
►Designed to identify and immediately correct life threatening problems
ACCURATELY
►Establish priorities
►Provide simultaneous interventions.
 Po survey often referred as Basic Life Support/BLS
►BLS is maintaining of airway patency, and supporting breathing &
circulation without the use of equipment other than a protective device.
►BLS interventions including CPR (Chest compressions & artificial
ventilation)
 can be performed by anyone who knows how to do it, anywhere, immediately,
without any other equipment
Primary Survey… Steps of BLS
 Steps of Po Survey in basic life support (BLS/ CPR)
1. Approach safely
2. Check for response
3. Shout for help
4. Open airway
5. Check breathing
6. Call for EMS 7605
7. Provide 30 chest compressions
8. Give 2 rescue breaths

Primary Survey…
 ABCDEs of care are (Primary survey)
►A-Airway (with c-spine protection in trauma)
►B-Breathing (with giving ventilation)
►C-Circulation (with bleeding control)
►D-Disability (checking neurologic status)
►E-Exposure (Environmental control)
 Always, precede with evaluation of the

►danger (D) and response (R);
►change it to DR-ABCDE method
►follow each step logically, deal with it in order of priority

D- Danger
 Safety –is first rule of first aid
►is primary concern in first aid
►before you start to provide any care, you must
make sure the scene is safe for you, casualty and
any bystanders.
►You must assess the scene for any dangers and take
note of any information needed.
►Assess the situation for presence of any DANGER;
►Are there any risks to you or the casualty?
►If the incident is too dangerous to approach, stay back
and call for emergency help.

D - DANGER:
 If someone needs help, before you go up to them check – is it safe?
 No:
► If you can see or hear any danger nearby,  Yes:
for you or them, like broken glass or ►If you can’t see or hear any danger
oncoming traffic, then it is safe to go up to them.
► then make the situation safe before you
get closer
Staying safe is your first priority.

Don’t enter an unsafe situation without proper training and equipment.
If there is no risk, assess the casualty responsiveness(R
Basic First Aid and Emergency Care June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,
R- RESPONSE:
 Once it is safe to do,
►immediately check for a Responsiveness
►If the victim conscious?
►Touch their shoulder, ask if they are alright.
►Ask if they need help.
►If they say no (I don’t need), then proceed no
further
►If they say yes (I need), or no response, then
proceed to A
 A is for Activate, EMS or dial for ambulance.

 Shout for help, open the airway, check for breathing.
R- RESPONSE:
 Do they respond when you ask them:
►‘Are you alright? or if you say: ‘Open your eyes!’
 No:  Yes: -
 If they don't respond, ►If they respond by making eye contact
 Adult- pinch their ear lobe/ gently shake or some gesture with you then they’re
shoulder. responsive & you can move on to the
 Child, baby ? next stage  Airway.
 If they still don’t respond, then you can
presume they’re unresponsive & move on to
the next stage  Airway.
NB- Unresponsive victim should always take priority treat them first & as quickly as possible.
Calling for help
 Call for help /EMS/ –
►Getting assistance from a companion;
 Call a trained person certified in first aid to the scene or those who have been
designated as emergency first responders, if you can’t handle yourself.
►if you are alone – determine the seriousness of
 the injury and may need to provide immediate firs aid  then leave victim to
call for help /EMS/
 NB:- Administration of first aid must not delay activation of the EMS

Calling for help
 How to call for help
►Things you need to remember when making a call:
 Your name
 The emergency situation
 The location of the emergency
 Condition of the victim
 Number of victims
►If the area is remote/difficult to access, consider sending
someone to meet the EMS in known location

Calling for help
When should EMS be called?
►Check the victim for responsiveness.
►If they do not respond or if they tell you that they need help, then
contact EMS.
►if you suspect that the problem needs medical attention.

Check, Call, Care
 Check
►Once you recognize an emergency you must first
check the scene, then check the person.
 Check the Scene for
►Safety
►Number of victims
►Presence of any other persons for help
 Make your initial impression of the ill or injured

person?

Check, Call, Care
 Check the Person (Primary Assessment)
 Check the person to see if he or she is responsive:
►Does the person respond when you talk to him or her
(e.g., does the person open his or her eyes, move,
moan, or talk to you)?
►Does the person respond when tapped on the shoulder?
►A person who does not respond at all is considered to
be unresponsive.
 Check the person’s ABCs: Airway, Breathing, and
Circulation
 Checking the ABCs is a rapid assessment and should be

done as quickly as possible.
A - Airway
 check airway for patency.
►Is the patient able to communicate verbally?
►Inspect for any foreign bodies
►Look for stridor, gurgling, pooled secretions or
blood
►sweep the mouth to remove any visible object
 Using your finger or cloths
►If this fails, then perform abdominal thrusts.
►Performing the Head-Tilt/Chin-Lift
 Assume cervical (C-spine) injury in patients with
multiple trauma
►C- spine protection should remain in place
How to assess & open the airway?
… Airway:
 Is their airway open and clear?
 No:  Yes:
►Responsive: If they’re responsive, yet ►If the airway is open and clear, move
blocked airway treat (e.g. choking) on to the next stage – Breathing.
►Unresponsive: tilt their head and lift their

chin to open their airway.
 NB 
►Only move on to the next stage –
once their airway is open and clear.
… Airway techniques
Head-tilt/Chin-lift Maneuver
Jaw-thrust Maneuver

B- Breathing
 Airway patency alone does not ensure
adequate ventilation
 Look, listen and feel for breathing (LLF).
►Look – for chest movement
 by watching the chest and placing your cheek a few
inches above the mouth of the victim to sense any
mov’t of air.
►Listen – air movement
►Feel – for incoming air
►If the victim is breathing, place in recovery

position and deal for ambulance
►If the victim is not breathing, the head may
need repositioning.
B- Breathing …
 Are they breathing normally?
 No  Unresponsive:  No  Responsive:
►If they’re unresponsive and not breathing, ►If they’re conscious, treat them for
call EMS or get someone else to call if whatever is stopping them breathing,
possible, and start giving chest for example, an obstructed airway.
compressions and rescue breaths (CPR)
►If this happens you won’t move on to the
next stage as casualty needs CPR
 Yes  breathing
►If they are breathing normally, move
on to the next stage – circulation.
Breathing …
 No - Breathing Interventions
 Unresponsive:
►start giving artificial ventilation
►chest compressions and rescue
breaths /CPR
Artificial ventilation
chest compressions & rescue breaths

C- Circulation:
 check pulse
►If no pulse start CPR.
►the carotid artery is best place to check a pulse
 Are there any signs of severe bleeding?
 Yes:  No:
►If they’re bleeding severely, control ►If they aren’t bleeding, and
the bleeding with your gloved you’re sure you have dealt with
fingers, dressing or clothing, call any life-threatening conditions,
EMS and treat them to reduce the then you can move on to the
risk of them going into shock. disability.
… Circulation Interventions
 Hemorrhagic shock should be assumed in any
hypotensive trauma patient
►Check for skin color and check pulses in four
extremities (for rate and strength)
 Controlling of External Hemorrhage
►Apply direct pressure to sites of bleeding
►Elevation
►Compression of pressure points (arteries, veins)
►AVOID tourniquets…can compromise loss of
circulation and loss of limb

D- Disability
 Disability is all about neurological conditions
►Check level of consciousness –
 degree of responsiveness to stimuli (internal Vs external)
 AVPU or GCS
 Utilized to determine severity of injury
►Never offer any fluid (anything) orally for unconscious or victims with
altered mentation
►Immobilize the victim
 If spinal cord injury or Pelvic Fractures ???

Check level of consciousness……
Levels of Response (AVPU)
AVPU scale:
►A – Alert, conscious: responds appropriately/aware of place/time
►V – Verbal: responds in some manner to voice
►P – Pain: responds in some manner to painful stimuli
►U – Unresponsive: Does not respond to painful stimuli
53

Check level of consciousness……
 GCS: standard tool for the ass’t of LOC.
►This method is based on three main components:
 Eye opening – scored out of 4
 Verbal responses – scored out of 5
 Best motor responses – scored out of 6
►The value in this scale range from 3 to 15
►A score of 8 or less – coma and requires appropriate mgt

Assessment of the level of consciousness
 Eye opening
► Spontaneously …4
► To speech …………3 • Verbal responses
► To pain ……………2 – Oriented…………………….5
• Best motor responses
► No response at all …1 – Confused conversation …...4
– Obeys command ………6
– Inappropriate words ……….3
– Localized pain …………5
– Incomprehensible sound …2
– Withdraws to pain ……..4
– No response ………………1
– Abnormal flexion to pain ...3
– Extends to pain ………….2
– No response ………......1

E- Exposure
 Expose the victims
►Complete undressing of patient
►inspect for hidden injuries –
 log roll patient to inspect posterior aspect.
►prevent hypothermia – warm blankets/external warming device
 giving comfort measures…pain control, reassurance to causality

Always Inspect the Back

II. Moving the victim
 When to Move a victim/an Injured Person?
►only if absolutely necessary to prevent further injury from a hazard at
the scene.
 RECOVERY POSITION
►For people who are unconscious, or semiconscious, but are still
breathing.
►If there are spinal or neck injuries, do not attempt to place the casualty
in the recovery position.
►NOTE: Leaving the victim in this position for long periods may cause
them to experience nerve compression.
 Conduct frequent reassessment of victims conditions while considering for
transfer or transporting
Rolling a Person from a Face-Down to a Face-Up Position
 Move an ill or injured person only if:
►The person’s position stops you from giving care for a life-threatening
injury or illness.
►The person is blocking access to someone with a more serious injury or
illness.
►The scene is becoming unsafe.

Rolling a Person from a Face-Down to a Face-Up Position
 To roll a person from a face-down to a face-up
position:
1. Support the head while rolling the person.
2. Try to roll the person as one unit (head, back,
and legs at onetime).
3. Open the airway with a head-tilt/chin-lift once
the person is facing upward.
4. Check the person’s ABCs.

“ABCH ”system
recovery position

III. Transport of victims
► How is it decided?
 The time from injury to definitive care
♫ Travel time
is a determinant of survival, particularly
♫ Topography
those with major internal hemorrhage.
♫ Availability of air or ground transport
♫ Capability of personnel
 Careful attention must be given to the
♫ Weather
airway with cervical spine
immobilization, breathing and
circulation. (ABC’s)
What if Non-accidental injuries?
 Key is SUSPICION!!!
 Incongruent stories of mechanisms of injury
 Delay in seeking help
 Multiple stages of injuries
 Patterns of Injuries
►Injury mechanism beyond the scope of the age of child (6week old
rolled over off the bed)
►Bite marks, submersion injury, cigarette burns
Priority (Hurry) cases
 Airway  Disability
►Airway blockage ►Fracture
 Breathing ►Burns and Scalds
►Stoppage of Breathing ►seizures
►(respiratory arrest) ►Poisoning – (including ingested &
 Circulations injected poisons / snake bite).
►Severe Bleeding
►Heart attack
►Shock, and Fainting
Priority Interventions
 Ensure patent airway
 Maintaining adequate ventilation
 Adequate gas exchange
 Then:
►Control bleeding,
►restore tissue perfusion
Precautions …
 While caring for ABCs Infectious Disease issues ….
 Safety is first priority.
Summary
 First aid is temporary, immediate care for
a person who is injured or who becomes suddenly ill.
►It does not replace care of a physician, or professional
 A primary principle is to assure safety and activate the EMS system.
 There is increasing needs to first aid trainings
 Care should always be provided to the most seriously injured victims first.
 Follow primary survey steps (ABCDE)
 Staying safe is your first priority.
Principles of Accident prevention
SECTION II
Introduction
 Definitions
►Accident is unfortunate harm or injury that results in psychological or
physical damage or hurt; and subsequent alterations in health and
lifestyle
 Traumatic injuries –
►are injuries that occur as a result of energy transfer from external
source to human body

Accident proneness
 Certain personality characteristics and other several factors can predispose
to accidents
►Accident proneness is a tendency toward involvement in accidents; are
factors affecting safety
 Personal safety is influenced by several factors:
►Age, - adolescents are more prone
►sensory & perceptual alterations, (elders)
►lifestyle,
►mobility, and emotional state.

Traumatic injuries
 Classifications, based on ► Causes of injury
►Severity of injury ♫ Intentional Vs Unintentional
►Causes of injury ► Severity of injury
►Mechanisms of injury ♫ Minor Vs Major trauma
 Mechanisms of injury as
►Is vital to the initial assessment and  Extent of injury is determined by
►may raise suspicions about the patients ♫ Type of energy applied
injury pattern. ♫ How quickly it is applied
►Blunt vs. Penetrating trauma ♫ To what part of the body it is applied
Trauma severity ….
Minor trauma Major trauma
 single system injury that does not  serious multisystem injuries that require
pose threat to life or limb and can be immediate intervention to prevent
appropriately treated at a basic disability.
emergency care .
 The major causes of death following accidents (trauma) are head injury, chest
injury, and major vascular injury.
Distributions of Deaths and prevention approach
Peak Environment Injuries Approaches to Reduce Mortality

First peak Instantly at Pre- Devastating head Comprehensive injury prevention
hospital(golden and vascular program:
hour) injuries Safe road construction
Seat belt, helmet, drunk driving laws
Handgun control
Violence prevention
Second peak Minutes to Hrs Major head, chest, Rapid transport to appropriate hospital,
after hospital and abdominal prompt resuscitation and identification
arrival injuries of injuries needing surgical intervention
Third peak occurs several most often the At this stage, outcomes are affected by
days to weeks result of sepsis care previously provided.
and multiple
organ failure.
Injury prevention ….
 is an effort to prevent or reduce the severity of bodily injuries caused by
external mechanisms, such as accidents, before they occur.
 is a component of safety and public health, and its goal is to improve the
health of the population by preventing injuries and hence improving quality
of life.
 safety interventions has demonstrated that its techniques are effective in

reducing accident rates and promoting efficiency.

Injury prevention…
 can be directed at human factors (behavioral issues), vectors of injury,
and/or env’tal factors and implemented according to the 4 Es of injury
prevention
►Education
►Enforcement
►Engineering
►Economics (incentives)
 Recently added E’s - evaluation and empowerment.

Injury prevention …
 can be considered as primary, secondary or tertiary.
►Primary prevention refers to elimination of the trauma incident
completely.
►Secondary prevention recognizes that an injury may occur but serves to
reduce the severity of the injury sustained.
►Tertiary prevention involves reducing the consequences of the injury
after it has occurred.

Common types of injury prevention
 Traffic & automobile safety - are a major component.
►Engineering: vehicle crash worthiness, seat belts, airbags, locking seat belts
for child seats.
►Education: promote seat belt use, discourage impaired driving, promote
child safety seats.
►Enforcement & enactment: passage and enforcement of primary seat belt
laws, speed limits, impaired driving enforcement
 Pedestrian safety – is the focus of both epidemiological and psychological injury
prevention

Cont’d…
 Others - The following are some common focus areas of injury prevention efforts:
► Bicycle safety
► Boat and water safety
► Child passenger safety
► Consumer product safety
► Firearm safety
► Fire and burn safety
► Home safety
► Impaired driving
► Pedestrian safety
► Poison control
► Toy safety
► Traffic safety
► Sports injury safety
► Occupational safety and health
When to Stop Giving Care
 Once you begin providing care to an injured or ill person, you must continue
to give the appropriate care until:
►Another trained First Aider or EMS personnel takes over.
►You are too exhausted to continue.
►The scene becomes unsafe.

Take-home Messages
 In general make full use of your senses to obtain maximum information
►Look, Listen and Feel/Smell.
 If the cause of the condition is still active, remove the cause.
 Essential Points (actions) to be considered while giving first aid/emergency care:-
– To sustain (preserve) life: • To prevent worsening of problem

• Emergency resuscitation (cxn).
– Cover wounds
• Control bleeding and shock
– Immobilize fractures
• To promote healing and recovery – Handle gently and carefully at all times
– Place in correct, preventive & comfortable position – Move as little as possible, Protect from cold
– Reassure
– Give any other treatment needed
– Relieve pain

Take-home Messages
 Finally: Convey the causality with out delay to health facility.
 A brief report should accompany the causality.
 A tactful message should be sent to the family if necessary, to tell the family
for:-
►what was happened
►where he/she has been taken, unless it has been done by the other.
(police,…)

End the
First Aid for Western Wild life?? Emergency medical service in

Africa ??
THANK YOU!
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HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY

Collage of Health & Medical Sciences

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

►leads to rising conflicts & violence among people

►leads to rising injuries/illness as a systems made by human itself

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

 A first aider – is someone with a formal training

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

 Further, there is growing demand for first aid training/knowledge/skill for ;

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

►a better handling of tragic emergencies,

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

 Hence, first aid training should be universal:

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

2. Help for Others:

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

3. Prevent infection between you and the victim

4. Comfort and reassure the victim – make rapport and reassure

6. Provide first aid care

7. Arrange for the right kind of help –

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

 Always, precede with evaluation of the

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

Staying safe is your first priority.

If there is no risk, assess the casualty responsiveness(R

 A is for Activate, EMS or dial for ambulance.

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

 Make your initial impression of the ill or injured

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

 Checking the ABCs is a rapid assessment and should be

►Unresponsive: tilt their head and lift their

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

►If the victim is breathing, place in recovery

chest compressions & rescue breaths

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,

Basic First Aid June, 2021 © Haramaya University, CHMS,