FORM, SCAFFOLDING,

AND STAGING
CHAPTER 2
BY HEAVEN BARRUGA
 FORM
• Concrete mixture is generally semi-fluid material that produces the
shape of anything to which it is poured. Thus, Construction Form is
used to produce the desired size, shape, and form of a concrete.
Concrete weighs about 2200kg to 24000kg per cubic meter, hence, it
requires forms that are substantially strong and rigid enough to sustain
the weight and horizontal pressure of fresh concrete.
• Forms must be watertight, simple, and economically designed to be
removed and reassembled easily without damage to themselves or to
the concrete.
FORMS
The selection of Forms to be used depends on the following
considerations:
• The cost of material
• The construction and assembling cost
• The number of times it can be used
• Strength and resistance to pressure of tear and wear
Types of FORMS
The T&G wood board is the foremost among the many types of forms.
However, due to scarcity and prohibitive price of wood, plywood has gained
wide acceptance.
Advantages of Plywood:
• Plywood is generally economical both in cost and labor.
• Plywood has plain, smooth, and even surface with uniform thickness.
• When joined, plywood is easily fitted eliminating extra cost for dressing
finished concrete.
• Plywood is lightweight material, handy and fast to work on.
• Plywood forms produces smooth finished concrete that sometimes needs
little or no plastering at all.
 Types of FORMS
• ORDINARY
PLYWOOD: This type of
plywood is not resistant to
moisture or water
saturation. If used as
forms, its service could be
limited to one or two
forms.
• MARINE PLYWOOD: Is a
waterproof material suitable
for all types of work that
needs a laminated board. As
concrete form, it could be
used in multiple times if
properly handled in
assembling and dismantling.
Construction of Forms
Plywood as form requires frames and ribs. A 2x2 lumber is commonly
used as framing of a form regardless of the type of the structure.
Types of framing adopted for plywood:
• The longitudinal rib type
• The perpendicular rib type
The longitudinal rib type of framing is generally more economical than
perpendicular or cross rib type. The length of the longitudinal rib could
be utilized for later use.
Forms for Concrete Beam
Forms for concrete beams consist of one bottom form having a
width equals the width of the beam plus 4 inches and two side
forms having a width equal to the depth of the beam.
Securing the Form
Forms can be secured with:
• Nails
• Cleats and braces
• Tie wire
• Bolts
• Clamps
Securing Form
Advantages in using Tie Wire to secure forms:
• Ease of assembling and dismantling the forms
• No damage to the forms and braces
• Considerably economical
• Concrete is not subjected to shock or vibration when removing the
forms
Wall Forms
Wall forms are usually mounted in pair opposite at a distance
equal to the thickness of the wall secured rigidly strong to resist the
lateral pressure of fresh concrete. Wall forms must be guarded against
bulging, the most common failure of forms. The use of bolts or tie wire
has been proven to be effective and economical means of securing wall
forms.
Wall Forms Classifications

1. Continuous form
2. Full unit form
3. Layer unit form
a) Continuous
b) Sectional
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Layer Unit Form
The Layer Unit Form is considered economical as far
the material is concerned. The same form is being used
on different sections that involve labor for the removal
and assembling of the same form.
The disadvantage therefore, is the delay and labor cost.
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Full Unit Form
The Full Unit Form has a disadvantage of cost by
buying the entire materials for the full unit of the work.
On the other hand, it has the advantage of one labor
assembling cost, one setting of mixing and pouring and
the shortest time involved.
Greasing of Forms
• The purpose of greasing the form is to make the wood waterproof.
Thus, preventing absorption of water in the concrete that causes
swelling and warping of the forms. Greasing also prevent adherence of
concrete to the pores of the wood and likewise, prevent rust of metal
forms.
• Crude oil is the cheapest and satisfactory materials for the purpose.
The crude oil is mixed with No.40 motor oil proportioned at 1:5
mixture. Greasing of form should not be done after the steel bars have
been set to its final position.
SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING
• SCAFFOLDING– is defined as temporary structure of wooden poles
and planks providing flat form for working men to stand on while
erecting or repainting the building. It is further defined as Temporary
Framework for other construction purposes.
• STAGING – is more substantial framework progressively built up as
tall building rise up. The term staging is applied as it us built up in
stages from one storey to the next floor.
SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING
The primary causes of construction accidents were assessed as follows:
• The use of poor quality lumber.
• Inadequate support and braces.
• Inadequate nails and other materials for economy sake.
• Negligence and inexperienced workers.
Different parts
of STAGING
1. Vertical Support
2. Base Support
3. Horizontal Braces
4. Block or Wedge Support
5. Diagonal Support
Scaffolding for Columns and
Beams
The purpose of the column scaffolding is to support the forms in
resisting horizontal pressure of concrete that cause bulging. Scaffolding for
concrete beam is an extension of the colimn support to carry the weight of
concrete and to resist the sidewise pressure against the sides of the form.
Concrete beams are flanked by a series of vertical support spaced at a
proportional distances between columns. Scaffolding members are arranged
in a manner that all vertical and horizontal members are in line with each
other in both directions. This will facilitate the movement of the workers,
the transfer of materials and tools including the ease of checking the vertical
and horizontal position of the structure and the rigidity of the framework.
The design of forms and scaffoldings were
based on the following considerations:

1. To carry the construction loads including the weight of the fresh

concrete plus the vertical and horizontal impact load.
2. Forms and scaffolding should not obstruct or impair the flow and
movement of concreting activities.
3. The ease of stripping or removal of formwork.
4. Special form requirements necessary for the construction of shells,
folded plates, domes, architectural concrete or similar types of
elements.
Forms of Pre-stressed Members
The Forms of Pre-stressed Members shall be constructed
allowing movement of the member without damage during the
application of the pre-stressing force. Construction loads exceeding the
dead load plus the live load should not be allowed to be supported on,
nor any shoring removed from any part of the structure under
construction except when that structure in combination with the
remaining framing system as sufficient strength to safely support its
own weight and the loads placed thereon.
Removal of Forms and
Scaffolding
Shall be done in such a manner as to insure the complete safety of the
structure. When the structure as a whole is adequately supported by
shores, the removable floors forms, beams and girder sides, column
forms and similar vertical forms may be removed after 24 hours,
provided that the concrete is sufficient pre-stressing has been applied to
enable then to carry their own weight and other anticipated construction
load.
Conduits Embedded in Concrete
The ACI Code on conduits and pipes embedment states:
“Conduits and other pipes to be incorporated in the concrete
structure shall not with their fitting displace more than 4% of the area of
the cross section of a column on which stress is calculated ir which it is
required for the fire protection.
“Such sleeves conduit, or pipes may be considered as replacing
structurally in compression the displace concrete provided that they are
not exposed to rusting or other deterioration are of uncoated or
galvanized iron or steel not thinner than standard schedule 40 steel pipe
having a nominal inside diameter not over 5 centimeter and are less than
three diameter on center.
Conduits Embedded in Concrete
“Embedded pipes or conduits other than those merely passing
through shall not be larger in outside dimension than one third the
thickness of the slab, they shall be spaced closer than three diameters or
widths on center nor so located as to impair significantly the strength of
the construction.
“Sleeves, pipes, or conduits of any material not harmful to concrete
may be embedded in the concrete provited that they are not considered
as to replace the displaced concrete.
“Aluminum pipes or conduits shall not be embedded in structural
concrete unless effectively coated to prevent aluminum-concrete reaction
or electrolytic action between aluminum and steel.”
Pipes containing liquid gas or vapor may be
embedded in structural concrete under the
following conditions:

1. Pipes and fittings shall be designed to resist the effects of the

material pressure and temperature that will pass through.
2. Pipes and fittings shall be tested as a unit for leaks immediately
prior to the concreting. The testing pressure above atmospheric
pressure shall be 50% in excess of the pressure to which the pipe
and fittings maybe subjected. The minimum testing pressure held
for 4 hours with no drop in pressure except that which maybe
caused by air temperature.
3. The temperature of the liquid, gas or vapor that will pass the pipe
shall not exceed 132°C.
Pipes containing liquid gas or vapor may be
embedded in structural concrete under the
following conditions:

4. The maximum pressure of any piping or fittings shall be 1380kPa

above atmospheric pressure.
5. Pipes carrying liquid, gas, or vapor excepts water not exceeding
72°C nor 340kPa pressure, is to be placed in the pipes only after the
concrete has attained its designed strength.
6. In solid slabs, the piping if not intended for radiant heating or snow
melting, should be placed between the top and bottom
reinforcement.
Pipes containing liquid gas or vapor may be
embedded in structural concrete under the
following conditions:

7. The concrete covering of the pipes and fittings shall not be less than
38mm for concrete surface exposed to the weather or in contact with
the ground, or 20mm for concrete surface not exposed directly with
the ground water.
8. The piping and fitting connections shall be assembled by means of
welding, bracing, solder sweating, or other equally satisfactory
method. Screw connections should not be allowed. The piping
system shall be fabricated in such a manner that no cutting, bending
or displacement of the reinforcement from its location is required.
THE END
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