An Industrial Presentation

On
“Construction of Vented Causeway”

Submitted By :

Parminder Singh (69)

Rahul Kumar Dabotra (71)

Arshit Sharda (78)

Contents
 Brief description about some site elements like columns, slabs,
beams.

 Formwork/Shuttering.

 Causeways

 Reinforcement Schedule for the Project

 Material Used during Construction

 Type of Causeways

 Structural Drawing of the Project

 Conclusion
 BRIEF DESCRIPTION ABOUT SOME SITE ELEMENTS

Columns

This is a structural shaft of concrete which transfers applied vertical loads through its
length and its base.
Slabs

This is a horizontal plate like structure usually of solid concrete or max spans (precast units)
reinforced with steel bars to function as a floor or roof structure.

Beams
These are horizontal structural members that transfer loadings from above to its bearing
points (to the supports and joints) which are always columns or load bearing walls.
FORMWORK/ SHUTTERING

 Formwork in concrete construction is used as a mould for a structure in

which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently.

 Types of formwork for concrete construction depends on formwork material

and type of structural element.

 Formworks can also be named based on the type of structural member

construction such as slab formwork for use in slab, beam formwork, column
formwork for use in beams and columns respectively.

 Design of these temporary structures are made to economic expenditure.

 The operation of removing the formwork is known as stripping. Stripped

formwork can be reused.

 Timber is the most common material used for formwork.

 CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FORMWORK

 It should be strong enough to with stand all types of dead and live loads. It should be rigidly
constructed and efficiently propped and braced both horizontally and vertically, so as to retain its
shape.
 The joints in the formwork should be tight against leakage of cement grout. Construction of
formwork should permit removal of various parts in desired sequences without damage to the
concrete.
 The material of the formwork should be cheap, easily available and should be suitable for reuse.

 The formwork should be set accurately to the desired line and levels should have plane surface.
 It should be as light as possible.
 The material of the formwork should not warp or get distorted when exposed to the elements.

 It should rest on firm base.

Types of formwork (shuttering) for concrete
construction:

The type of formwork employed always depends on the structural design of the
member and the weight of concrete to be casted. Different types include;
•Timber formwork.
•Steel formwork.
•Plywood formwork.
Timber formwork

Timber for formwork should satisfy the following requirements. It should be

 Well-seasoned

 Light in weight
 Easily workable with nails without splitting
 Free from loose knots
 Timber used for shuttering for exposed concrete work should have smooth and even surface
on all faces which come in contact with concrete.
Plywood formwork

Resin bonded plywood sheets are attached to timber frames to make up panels of required sizes. The
cost of plywood formwork compares favorably with that of timber shuttering and it may even prove
cheaper in certain cases in view of the following considerations:
• It is possible to have smooth finish in which case on cost in surface finishing is there.

• By use of large size panels it is possible to effect saving in the labor cost of fixing and dismantling.

• Number of reuses are more as compared with timber shuttering. For estimation purpose, number of
reuses can be taken as 20 to 25.
 Steel formwork

This consist of panels fabricated out of thin steel plates stiffened along the edges by small steel
angles. The panel units can be held together through the use of suitable clamps or bolts and
nuts. The panels can be fabricated in large number in any desired modular shape or size. Steel
forms are largely used in large projects or in situation where large number reuses of the
shuttering is possible. This type of shuttering is considered most suitable for circular or curved
structures.
 Causeways
•Bridges, causeways, and underwater tunnels are all passageways that allow travel above, across, and
beneath bodies of water such as rivers, bayous, and bays.

•On the other hand, these artificial structures can create barriers or obstacles to wildlife that live
underneath and above these waters. For instance, fish may be hindered or prevented from moving either
upstream or downstream.

•A causeway is a raised road or track across low or wet ground.

• For example, the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway connects the New Orleans coastal area on the southern
shore with the northern shore. The causeway is the world's longest highway bridge, a continuous-span
beam bridge that is almost 39 kilometers (24 miles) long.
Reinforcement Schedule:
 Material Used During Construction:
Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) :

• Portland Pozzolana cement is an incorporated cement produced in that certain ratio by the synthesis and
characterization of OPC cement from pozzolana materials. It’s also generally referred to as PPC cement.
• PPC type cement is a form of Portland cement distinguished by the existence of pozzolana particles such as 
fly powder, volcanic ash, that is applied to OPC by 15percent to 35%. Cement is accessible in every grade.
It is indeed finer and far less dense than the OPC.
• It is usually used for the building of marine systems, masonry mortars including hydraulic structures. These
are widely found in mass concrete works such as dikes, sewer tanks, dams, respectively. In certain
instances, PPC cement grade must be used in replacement of OPC.
Steel Bars :

Steel Bars are the construction material which is used to construct

structure like building, bridge, RCC road, tower, etc. It is
used in Concrete to provide a tensile strength in concrete as the
tensile strength of concrete is very less as compared to the
compressive strength of concrete.
Coarse Aggregate:

• Aggregate is one of the most important component parts of the concrete. Coarse

Aggregates gives volume to the Concrete.
• Coarse Aggregates in concrete provides body and strength to the concrete and acts as a filler 
material which will give the homogeneous mass of the concrete.
• Coarse aggregates are used in every Construction projects which includes the construction of
roads, Buildings, Railway Tracks etc.
• Coarse Aggregate in concrete was considered as chemically inactive and acts as a filler material
only. The coarse aggregates are used for the manufacturing of mortar and concrete.
Fine Aggregate:

• Usually, sand, crushed stone, and crushed bricks are used as fine aggregate in
concrete or pavement construction.
• Sand is an important engineering material. In concrete works, sand is used as a
fine aggregate.
• Sand is a form of silica (quartz) and may be of argillaceous, siliceous or calcareous
according to its composition.
• Natural sands are formed from weathering of rocks (mainly quartzite) and are of
various size or grades depending on the intensity of weathering.
 Types of Causeways

These causeways are often used to provide river crossings to link villages with

neighbouring towns, but are often easily damaged because inadequate resources
have been allocated to their construction. The main types of causeway are:
(1) Flush causeways

(2) Vented causeways

(3) High level causeways and low level causeways

Flush causeways :

In this type of causeway which is also called paved dip or road dam, the top level
of road is kept same as that of bed level ofthe channel. It is suitable where the
crossing remains dry for most ofpart of year i.e. the stream is not perennial. Flush
causeways are not suitable for crossing the streams with steep bed slopes causing
high velocity even in low floods. The causeway covers the full width of the channel.

Typical Features of Paved dip/Flush Causeway

Vented causeways :
A causeway provided with vents to permit normal flow of the stream to pass under the causeway is known as
vented causeway.Vented causeways are classified as low vented causeways and high vented causeways.

(i) Low vented causeway :

Low vented causeways are provided to cross quasi-perennial streams having sandy beds in areas with annual
rainfall less than 1 000 mm and where the carriageway of a flush causeway would be liable to get slushy due to
post monsoon flow in the stream. The height is generally less than 1 .20 m above the bed ofthe watercourse. In
exceptional cases, the height may be 1 .50 m above the bed level. Small size of vents in the form ofhume pipes,
short span slabs/R.C.C. Box cells are provided in the width of stream. The sill level ofvents is kept about 1 50
mm - 300 mm below the average bed level of the stream.
(ii) High vented causeway :

High vented causeway is provided when a road crosses a stream having one or more of the following
characteristics:

(i) Sizeable catchment area with annual rainfall more than 1000 mm.
(ii) Depth of post monsoon flow is more than 900 mm.
(iii) Flow is perennial but not large.
(iv) Banks are low necessitating construction of high embankment in the stream bed from considerations of
the free board in non-submersible portion as well as geometric standards of approach roads.

The height of the causeway above the bed is generally kept between 1 .5 m to 3.0 m and larger size of
vents comprising of hume pipes or simply supported/continuous R.C.C. slab superstructure over a series of
short masonry piers or series of arches or boxes with individual spans less than 3m are provided.
High level causeways and low level causeways :

High level causeways :

A high level causeway is submersible road bridge designed to be over toped in floods.

• Its formation level is fixed in such a way as not to cause interruption to traffic during flood for
more than three days at a time nor for more than six times in a year.

• They are provided with abutments and piers, floors and slabs or arches to form the required no
of openings.

• The slopes of approaches is kept as 1 in 20.

• When velocity is high and stream bed is soft the aprons could be of concrete or harder masonry
upto a certain distance similarly the road can be formed of cement concrete slab or stone blocks
set in cement mortar.
Low level causeways :

 If a causeway has not vent to flow the water then it is called low level causeway.It is also known as Irish
bridge.The beds of small rivers or streams, which remains dry for most of the year, or generally passable
without a bridge.This involves heavy earth work in cutting for bridge approaches.

 Banks of such types of streams are cut down at an easy angle.

 For streams or rivers in plains having sandy beds, it is often sufficient to lay bundles of grass over and
across the sandy tracks.
Structural Drawing of the Project :
 CONCLUSION
Industrial training is very vital for every University student. Therefore every student should try as
much as possible to ensure that they grasp the material and information given to them so that
they can use it to expand on their career and level of experience. This can help them in future
while applying for jobs. Internship has boosted our career especially in structures department. It
has also given us confidence to face future employment opportunities. With this experience and
exposure to various disciplines in the field, including site management and organization, We hope
to be an effective, efficient and professional engineer in the near future. All in all We are grateful
to the Almighty God for having protected us throughout our training.