Truth table (Example)

1
● Draw truth table of p ∨ (q ∧ r)
● Number of variables = 3
● Number of rows = 23 = 8
 Truth table (Example)
2
● Show that p ∨ (q ∧ r) and (p ∨ q) ∧ (p ∨ r)
are logically equivalent
Applications of propositional logic
3

1. Translation of English sentences

2. Inference and reasoning:
– new true propositions are inferred
from existing ones
– Used in Artificial Intelligence:
• Rule based (expert) systems
3. Design of logic circuit
 Translation
4

• Step 1 : find logical connectives

• Step 2: break the sentence into basic
propositions
• Step 3: rewrite the sentence in
propositional
logic
 Translation
5

● Example: If you are senior citizen and it is a

Tuesday then you can have free coffee
Step 1 : find logical connectives
 Translation
6

● Example: If you are senior citizen and it is a

Tuesday then You can have free coffee

Step 1 : find logical connectives

 Translation
7

● Example: If you are senior citizen and it is a

Tuesday then you can have free coffee

Step 2: break the sentence into basic

propositions
 Translation
8

● Example:
if you are senior citizen and it is a Tuesday then
a b
you can have free coffee
c

Step 2: break the sentence into basic

propositions
 Translation
9

● Example:
if you are senior citizen and it is a Tuesday then
a b
you can have free coffee
c

Step 3: rewrite the sentence in propositional

logic
 Translation
10

● Example:
if you are senior citizen and it is a Tuesday then
a b
you can have free coffee
c

Step 3: rewrite the sentence in propositional

logic
aɅb→c
 Translating English Sentences
11

Example:
“Ali is not wealthy but he is healthy and wise.”
 Translating English Sentences
12

Example:
“Ali is not wealthy but he is healthy and wise.”
 Translating English Sentences
13

Example:
“Ali is not wealthy but he is healthy and wise.”

h = “Ali is healthy”
w = “Ali is wealthy”
s = “Ali is wise”
 Translating English Sentences
14

Example:
“Ali is not wealthy but he is healthy and wise.”

w = “Ali is wealthy”
h = “Ali is healthy”
s = “Ali is wise”

~wɅhɅs
 Translating English Sentences
15

Example:
If it is below freezing, it is snowing.
 Translating English Sentences
16

Example:
If it is below freezing, it is snowing.
 Translating English Sentences
17

Example:
If it is below freezing, it is snowing.

h = it is below freezing
w = it is snowing
 Translating English Sentences
18

Example:
If it is below freezing, it is snowing.

h = it is below freezing
w = it is snowing

hw
 Translation
19

• Example: You can have free coffee if you are

senior citizen and it is a Tuesday

Step 1 : find logical connectives

 Translation
20

• Example: You can have free coffee if you are

senior citizen and it is a Tuesday

Step 1 : find logical connectives

 Translation
21

• Example: You can have free coffee if you are

senior citizen and it is a Tuesday

Step 2: break the sentence into

basic
propositions
 Translation
22

• Example:
You can have free coffee if you are senior citizen
a b
and it is a Tuesday.
c

Step 2: break the sentence into basic

propositions
 Translation
23

• Example:
You can have free coffee if you are senior citizen
a b
and it is a Tuesday.
c
Step 3: rewrite the sentence in propositional
logic
bɅc→a
 Logic Circuits
24

• A logic circuit (or digital circuit) receives

input signals p1, p2, . . . , pn, [either 0 (off)
or 1 (on)], and produces output signals
s1, s2, . . . , sn,.
 Logic gates
25

● Logic gates are electronic circuits that operate

on one or more input signals and perform basic
operation to produce standard output signal

● building blocks of all the circuits in a computer

NOT Gate (inverter)
26

A A

Input Output

A A

0 1

1 0
Conjunction / AND Gate
27

A
C = A ɅB
B

Inputs Output
A B C = A ɅB
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
 Disjunction /OR gate
28

A
C=AV
B B

Inputs Output

A B C=A VB

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1
 Exclusive-OR
(XOR) 29

A C =A
B
B
Inputs Output

A B C =A  B
0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0
 Example
30

Determine the output for combinatorial circuit

C
 Example
31

Determine the output for combinatorial circuit

Output = A Ʌ BVC

AND
A AɅB
A Ʌ BVC
B
C
OR
 Example
32

Determine the output for combinatorial circuit

C
 Example
33

Determine the output for combinatorial circuit

A
D=~A Ʌ B v C
NOT

B BvC AND

C OR
 Class Activity
34

• Determine the output for combinatorial circuit

A
B
 Class Activity
35

• Determine the output for combinatorial circuit

A AvB

B

C= AvB  Ʌ ~A Ʌ B

A ɅB ~A Ʌ B AND

AND NOT
 Class Activity
36
• Determine the output for combinatorial
circuit
 Example
37

• Build a digital circuit that produces the output

A ∧ B ∨C
 Example
38

• Build a digital circuit that produces the output

A ∧ B ∨C

AND
A A∧
B
B A ∧ B∨C
C
OR
 Example
39

• Build a digital circuit that produces the output

(A ∧ B) V (C ∧ D) V ( E ∧ F)
 Example
40

• Build a digital circuit that produces the output

(A ∧ B) V (C ∧ D) V ( E ∧ F)
 Class Activity
41

● Write the output of the following circuit

● Build a digital circuit that produces the output

(p ∧ ￢ r) ∨ ( ￢ q ∧ r)
 Practice Problems
42

• Q: 1,3,5,7,41,43