Sodium-ion conducting gel polymer

electrolytes

Dr. Deepak Kumar

Associate Professor Physics
Regional Institute of Education, Mysuru, Karnataka-570006
 BACKGROUND

Source: https://www.thegwpf.com
ADVANTAGES OF LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES

 High EDensity
 High operating V
 Long cycle life
Wide temperature range operation
High drain capability
 GLOBAL LITHIUM RESOURCES

India does not have even 1 % of global Li-resources 4

LIMITATIONS OF LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES

Flammable
Transportation
 High cost & less natural abundance
 Risk of bursting, Protection required
 Shelf Life
 Sensitive to high temperatures
 Developing Tech.
ENERGY/POWER STORAGE DEVICES

D. Aurbach et. al, Materials Today, 17 (2014) 110-

121
ALTERNATE BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES

www.solarpowerworldonline.com 7
 OUR RESEARCH TEAM

Dr. Deepak Kumar (Supervisor)

Enrol No. 19999907506
Enrol No. 20999909002

Enrol No. 21999907003

Enrol No. 21999909001
 LIMITATIONS OF SOLID/LIQUID
ELECTROLYTES

Solid Electrolytes Liquid Electrolytes

 Ionic conductivity  Leakage
 Low transport No. Transportation
 High viscosity  Flammable
 Less flexibility  Corrosive
 Less ESW  Thermal stability
 Interfacial contacts
POLYMER ELECTROLYTES
 POLYMER ELECTROLYTES

Ion-conducting system which possesses

ion-transport properties comparable with
that of common liquid electrolytes.

It comprises a polymer matrix supporting

Mechanical stability & a salt/solution
providing the free ions for electrolyte.

Liebenow C (1998) Electrochim Acta 43 ; 1253-1256.

POLYMER ELECTROLYTES
MODIFICATIONS OF POLYMER GEL
ELECTROLYTES

13
PROPERTIES OF POLYMER ELECTROLYTES
 Applications of PGE

Rechargeable Fuel Cells

Super-Capacitors
Batteries

Sensors Electrochromic Solar Cells

Displays
WHY SODIUM ELECTROLYTES AND BATTERIES?

Low cost and abundance of raw materials

Electrochemical potential of −2.71 V vs. SHE.

Theoretical energy density of 760 Wh Kg−1

Capable of giving cell voltage > 2 V

Especially suitable for Grid storage systems

 SODIUM-SULFUR BATTERIES

Types of Na-S batteries

High-temp. Na-S batteries Room-temp Na-S batteries

(Conventional-commercialized) (Developing-Non-
commercialized)
HIGH TEMPERATURE SODIUM BATTERIES

Deepak Kumar et al. Solid State Ionics 312 (2017) 8–16

 HIGH TEMPERATURE SODIUM BATTERIES

• Transport of Na+ through beta-alumina

electrolyte to the S cathode during the
discharge process.

• Na+ then react with S to produce

polysulfides intermediates.

• During the subsequent charge processes,

reversible reactions take place and sodium
polysulfides are reduced to S, while Na is
transported back.
 PROBLEMS: HIGH TEMPERATURE NA-S
BATTERIES
• Substantial power is consumed in
maintaining its operating temperature (~
300 ˚C).
• Sodium β-alumina is poor conducting at
RT, at high temp it provides good
conductivity
• Molten state is more corrosive and reactive

• So, researchers have revisited this

technology
 ADVANTAGES OF RT NA-S BATTERIES

• Almost no power consumption for

maintaining its operation at RT.
• At RT there are enormous choices of Na+
conducting electrolytes. While for HT Na-
S, the only choice is Na β-alumina.
• Molten state of sodium is more corrosive
and reactive.
• The operation at RT overcomes these
problems.
PRINCIPLE AND WORKING OF RT NA-S BATTERIES
PRINCIPLE AND WORKING OF RT NA-S BATTERIES
 COMMERCIAL HT NA-S BATTERIES

Na-S batteries produced by NGK Insulators Ltd.

COMMERCIAL HT NA-S BATTERIES

https://www.energy-storage.news/
 SULFUR
Sulfur is a by-product from sour gas and crude oil
processing and therefore its oversupply is
projected in coming future

A single year production supply (approx. 60

million tons) would be enough for 1 Billion EV
with 40 kWh batteries and grid storage with a
capacity of a full daily world electricity production
(Global Energy Statistical Yearbook, 2018).

Need to discover new sustainable sulfur

applications for balancing supply and demand and
making its effective use.
 APPLICATIONS OF SULFUR
Main Applications
Pesticides
Fertilizer additives
Pharmaceuticals

Applications as active material

Electrolyte in the form of weak sulfuric acid,
e.g., in lead-acid batteries.
Metal-sulfur systems
 WHY SULFUR BASED ELECTRODES?

Abundant, light weight, cheaper and non-

toxic

High theoretical capacity of 1672 mAh g-1

Two-electron charge-transfer reactions

7 times higher theoretical capacity

(considering rxn with S2-) than established
LiCoO2 cathode
FABRICATION OF PROTO-TYPE NA-S BATTERY

The cathode has been prepared by mechanical mixing sulfur (S),

activated carbon (C), and PVdF-HFP binder in wt. ratio 7:2:1 for 20 h
using ball milling.

A proto-type Na-S cell was fabricated by sandwiching the optimized

polymer gel electrolyte membrane between anode and cathode at room
temperature conditions.

The battery characteristics such as open circuit potential (OCP),

galvanostatic cycling test, and impedance were measured using
electrochemical analyzer (Zive SP1) of WonATech Co. Ltd. Korea.

The feasibility of using the optimized polymer gel electrolyteS, has

been studied in a prototype RT Na-S cell with Na-Hg anode and S-C
cathode.

29
 RESEARCH PLAN-1
Sample Code Electrolyte Composition
MJS-1 PVdF-HFP:PMMA+TEGDME+1.5 M NaBF4
MJS-2 PVdF-HFP:PMMA+TEGDME+1.5 M NaClO4
MJS-3 PVdF-HFP:PMMA+TEGDME+1.5 M NaTf

Experimental Studies
X-ray diffraction
Ionic Conductivity (σ)
σ versus Temperature
Differential Scanning Calorimetry
30
 XRD Studies
Characteristic crystalline
peaks of PVdF-HFP at 2θ =
14.6°, 17°, 20°, and 38° are
overlapped on a broad
hallow amorphous region
between 10 and 25o.
After entrapment of salt
solution one prominent
board peak is observed
indicating the introduction
of amorphous regions.
Complementary studies
needs to be analyzed to
understand the big picture
of ion-transport behavior.
XRD curve for a) PVdF-HFP b) PGE with NaBF4
c) PGE with NaClO4, d) PGE with NaTf2
IONIC CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT

Sample Bulk Resistance Thickness Ionic Conductivity

Code (Ohm) (cm) (Scm-1)
MJS-1 60 0.11 1.48 ×10-3

MJS-2 310 0.073 1.89×10-4

MJS-3 117 0.11 7.58×10-4

 IONIC CONDUCTIVITY VS. TEMPERATURE

σ vs 1/T for Co-polymer/TEGDME/NaTf2

PGE film is capable of providing ~ 10-3 S cm-1 in

temperature range of operation from 303 K to 343 K.
 DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY

An endothermic peak,

observed at ∼140 °C,
corresponds to the Tm of
PVdF-HFP polymer film
The immobilization of
salt soln containing
TEGDME reduces the Tm
to ∼90 °C for electrolyte
films.
Polymer Gel
Electrolyte films are
thermally stable and
maintain the gel phase
XRD curve for a) PVdF-HFP-PMMA b) PGE with NaBF4
from 298 K to 363 K c) PGE with NaClO4, d) PGE with NaTf2
 RESEARCH PLAN-2
TEGDME incorporated PMMA based sodium ion
conducting polymer gel electrolyte membranes is
prepared by “solution-cast” technique .

Sample Code Electrolyte Composition

PMMA : NaTf : TEGDME (w:w)

S-1 49.5 : 5.5 : 45

S-2 54.0 : 6.0 : 40

S-3 58.5 : 6.5 : 35

S-4 63.0 : 7.0 : 30

35
 SOLVENT IN PGE

SOLVENT - TEGDME

STRUCTURE

PROPERTIES
TEGDME based electrolytes have excellent electrochemical
performance, high conductivity, non-flammability and high
stability.

 Suffer from low capacity and high polysulfide dissolution.

Additives/Fillers are added to alleviate these and optimise the
electrolyte.
36
CONDUCTIVITY STUDIES- OBSERVATIONS AND ANALYSIS

 As TEGDME content increases ionic

conductivity increases and an
optimum RT ionic conductivity of 3.6
× 10-3 S cm-1 is observed for sample
code S-1.

Straight line feature indicating the

ion-conduction is governed by the
Arrhenius behavior and takes place
due to the hopping movement of the
ions inferring no phase transitions in
the chosen temperature range.

37
CHARACTERIZATION - DIELECTRIC STUDIES

 Dielectric formulation helps to understand the ion-

dynamics and change in dielectric behavior within polymer
gel electrolytes by varying TEGDME content .

 The complex permittivity is expressed as a sum of real and

imaginary part of permittivity where real part i.e. dielectric
constant and imaginary part i.e. dielectric loss is -

38
DIELECTRIC STUDIES- OBSERVATIONS AND ANALYSIS

Flat region appears towards low frequency

side for S-2, S-3 and S-4 compositions but on
close inspection, distinct dispersion is noticed
in values of ε and ε with change in TEGDME
content.

Electrode polarization effects causes

dispersion and the value of the dielectric
constant and dielectric loss is found to be
highest in the low frequency region.

A plateau with negligible ε and ε values is

observed on high frequency side indicating
that the dipoles are not able to orient
themselves in the direction of applied field for
all the electrolyte specimens.
39
 ELECTROCHEMICAL ION-TRANSPORT STUDIES
Cyclic Voltammetry
CV is powerful electrochemical technique to evaluate the
electrochemical stability window of electrolyte systems in cell operation.

Fig. shows no peaks

observed from -2.2 to 2.2 V
indicating a working voltage
range of 4.4 V optimized
membrane.

 On close inspection , very

small current values of the order
of few µA were observed in ESW
region indicating absence of any
unwanted redox reaction or
water traces within the sample
electrolyte system .
40
ELECTROCHEMICAL ION-TRANSPORT STUDIES -
OBSERVATIONS AND ANALYSIS

Cyclic voltammetry study was

performed using Na-Hg|S-1|Na-Hg to
confirm the movement of Na+ ions.

Anodic and cathodic peaks

suggest the plating of sodium ions
at anodic site and stripping of
sodium-ions at cathodic site.

 This shows anodic and

cathodic redox reactions are facile
at Na-Hg|electrolyte interface
indicating the movement of sodium
ions from anodic to cathodic site
and vice versa.

41
 TOTAL-ION TRANSPORT NUMBER

The dc polarization technique was employed to calculate t ion .

The polarization response shows an abrupt
decrease in current values to zero value which
qualitatively suggests that the optimized PGE
membrane is primarily ionic in nature.

 The total ion transport number (tion) is given

by the following formula:

where iT is the total maximum current and isis

the residual constant current respectively.

The tion determined is ~0.99, which promises

the purely ionic nature of the optimized
42
polymer gel electrolyte membranes.
CATION-TRANSPORT NUMBER

Combined ac and dc technique is employed.

Firstly the ac impedance measurement has

been performed on the symmetrical cell
configuration Na-Hg|S-1|Na-Hg.

Black colored impedance curve of Fig (c)

gives impedance (Ro) of this cell to be 1439 Ω.

Secondly, this cell is subjected to the dc

polarization by applying ΔV~ 20 mV on the cell
configuration Na-Hg|S-1|Na-Hg as shown in Fig.
6(b).

This polarization curve with symmetric Na-

Hg electrodes offers an initial maximum current
(Io)~14.6 µA and constant saturation current
(Is)~11.2 µA. 43
ELECTROCHEMICAL ION-TRANSPORT STUDIES-
OBSERVATIONS AND ANALYSIS

After dc polarization, the ac impedance

measurement was again performed on
symmetrical cell configuration Na-Hg|S-1|Na-
Hg.

The red colored impedance curve of Fig.c

gives impedance after the polarization (Rs) of
this cell to be 1847 Ω .

 tNa+ determined is 0.37.

44
 MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES- OBSERVATIONS AND ANALYSIS

Morphological studies

The ring type structures overlapping

each other are more prominently
observed throughout the surface of the
optimized electrolyte film.

 It is important to note that pores are

observed in portion of the micrograph
with ring type structures beneath it.

 These pores can possibly provide a

porous structure supporting the ion-
conduction within polymer gel
electrolyte matrix.
SEM micrograph S-1

45
MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES- OBSERVATIONS AND
ANALYSIS
Morphological studies
AFM image of optimized
polymer gel electrolyte S-1
Indicate the maximum roughness
height of 23.2 nm with average
roughness height of other peaks being ~
10 nm. It is noteworthy that this
roughness height is less in comparison
to other reports on polymer electrolyte
membranes.
The morphological investigations
reveal that the S-1 composition carrying
40 wt.% TEGDME content has optimized
retention of solvent with smooth
morphology and less roughness height.
.
46
 STRUCTURAL STUDIES- OBSERVATIONS AND
ANALYSIS
For PMMA polymer, XRD
pattern shows a characteristics
broad peak (suggests the inherent
amorphous nature of PMMA polymer)
with a maximum at ∼14o along with
less-intensity broad peaks at 30◦ and
43o.

With addition of TEGDME

solvent in varying amounts within
NaTf/PMMA matrix, the characteristic
peak at ∼14o gets broadened and
suppressed
X-ray diffraction patterns of (a) PMMA,
with a maximum
(b) S-4, (c) S-3, (d) S-2 and (e) S-1 appearing at ~15 o
Bragg’s angle.
Less intense PMMA peak at 30o, progressively becomes a small
hump of decreasing height with enhancement of TEGDME content.
Due to the crystalline character of NaTf, one smaller and other
47
prominent peak appear at ~38o and 44o respectively for all PGE.
CHARACTERIZATION - THERMAL STUDIES
 High Tg ~127 0C of pure PMMA (a)
polymer film (thermosetting) is due to less
flexible polymer backbone.

Observation of the electrolyte film (S-

4) containing 63 wt.% PMMA polymer and
30 wt.% TEGDME solvent does not
decompose till 150 oC.

In addition, S-1 containing 49.5 wt.%

PMMA and 45 wt.% TEGDME solvent is
found to be thermally stable till 170 oC.

Differential scanning Thus the PGE films are expected to

calorimetry curves (a) pure promise good thermal stability and can be
PMMA, (b) S-4 and (c) S-1 employed in rechargeable Na batteries
applications.
48
OBSERVATION AND PERFORMANCE STUDIES
OF PROTO-TYPE NA-S BATTERY

Fig (a) OCP (b) first discharge capacity at 28.5 mA g -1

The OCP is found to be constant at ~ 2.24 V throughout the

experiment and no internal short-circuiting is observed.
 The charge-discharge cycling test was performed at a drain current
of 28.5 mA g-1 of the active materials, i.e. sulfur, in the potential range
of 2.25 V to 0.5 V for 10 cycles (Fig. b).
The fabricated proto-type Na-S cell is found to deliver an excellent
specific discharge capacity of ~ 677 mA h g-1 in the first discharge. 49
OBSERVATION AND PERFORMANCE STUDIES
OF PROTO-TYPE NA-S BATTERY

The cell loses its ~ 43.4% capacity in the second discharge and the
capacity is found to be 383 mA h g-1.

 After 2nd discharge, the capacity fading becomes slower and the
discharge capacities are observed as ~325, ~310 and ~302 mAh g -1 in 3rd,
5thand 10th discharge.
50
OBSERVATION AND PERFORMANCE STUDIES
OF PROTO-TYPE NA-S BATTERY

51
 RESEARCH PLAN-3
Sample Code Electrolyte Composition
PGCE-1 PVdF-HFP/NaBF4 + (EC-DEC (33%)/ TEGDME(33%)/
EMIMBF4 (33%)
PGCE-2 PVdF-HFP/NaBF4 + (EC-DEC (42%)/ TEGDME(42%)/
EMIMBF4 (16%)
Studies covered Studies covered
Dielectric Constant and Modulus Studies

Fourier Transformed Infra-red Spectroscopy

Fabrication of Prototype EDLC

Characterization of Prototype EDLC

52
 DIELECTRIC CONSTANT

(a) Nyquist plots of electrolyte

compositions PGCE-1 and PGCE-2 (b)
Nyquist plots for PGCE-1 at different
temperatures
Fig.(a) Dielectric constant vs frequency for electrolyte compositions PGCE-1

Dielectric constant is high at lower frequencies due to

predominant polarizing effects at Electrolyte - Electrode
interface.
Dielectric constant increases with rise in T as more charges
are available for accumulation at interface due to slow period
reversal effect of the applied ac field. 53
 DIELECTRIC LOSS

(a) Nyquist plots of electrolyte

compositions PGCE-1 and PGCE-2 (b)
Nyquist plots for PGCE-1 at different
temperatures
Fig.(b) Dielectric loss vs frequency for electrolyte compositions PGCE-1

Towards low frequency side, the dielectric loss is high as the

inertial effects persist and a high amount of energy is
required for dipole orientation.
However, for ~ 7 kHz, a dielectric relaxation peak is
observable which may be due to the reorientation process of
dipoles within polymeric chains 54
 MODULUS STUDIES

(a) Nyquist plots of electrolyte

compositions PGCE-1 and PGCE-2 (b)
Nyquist plots for PGCE-1 at different
temperatures

Fig.(a) Modulus plots for PGCE-1 at different temperatures

Real of modulus (M') represents ability of a material to store

energy and is plotted for optimized PGCE-1 in Fig. a.
In low freq region the polarizing effects are dominant and
energy storage ability is low. However, with increase in freq
the reorientation process is favored and dipoles are able to
55
orient themselves thereby giving rise to increase in M’ value.
Fourier Transformed Infra-red Spectroscopy

(a) Nyquist plots of electrolyte

compositions PGCE-1 and PGCE-2 (b)
Nyquist plots for PGCE-1 at different
temperatures

Fig. FTIR spectra for (a) pure PVdF-HFP polymer, TEGDME, EMIMBF4 and
the optimized polymer gel cocktail electrolyte (PGCE-1) (b) TEGDME and 56
optimized polymer gel cocktail electrolyte (PGCE-1).
Fourier Transformed Infra-Red Spectroscopy
 The bands of EMIMBF4 ionic liquid are unaffected
in the spectra of cocktail membrane. Few bands of
TEGDME are observed to be modified in the IR
spectra of cocktail membrane.
 Characteristic bands
(a) Nyquist ofelectrolyte
plots of PVdF-HFP at 834 and 876
compositions PGCE-1 and PGCE-2 (b)
cm of γ-phase
-1
Nyquist of
plotsPVdF and
for PGCE-1 combined CF2 and C-
at different
temperatures
C symmetric stretching vibrations, respectively,
have been found to be shifted to 843 and 881 cm-1,
respectively
 These observations suggest the interaction among
NaBF4 Salt, TEGDME and PVdF-HFP polymer host.
57
 Specific capacitance (Csp) using EIS

where ω is angular frequency and

m is mass of the active material
(a) Nyquist plots of electrolyte
(AC) used in single electrode.
compositions PGCE-1 and PGCE-2 (b)
Nyquist plots for PGCE-1 at different
temperatures
 EIS plot of EDLC cell with optimized electrolyte
membrane and electrodes of activated carbon (AC) is
shown in Fig.(a)
 Specific electrode capacitance (Csp) is obtained using
the Z” value at lowest frequency (25 mHz), and is
found to be ~ 41.36 F g-1. 58
 Csp at different scan rates

where i is current density at

center of voltage range, s is scan
(a) Nyquist plots of electrolyte
rate (V
compositions PGCE-1 and PGCE-2 (b)
s -1
) and m is mass of AC on
Nyquist plots for PGCE-1aat single electrode in EDLC cell.
different
temperatures
 Fig.b. shows CV plots of nearly rectangular shape till 50
mVs-1. However, substantial deviation from rectangular
shape is observed at higher scan rates.

 The Csp values are found to be ~ 94, ~ 62, ~ 41, ~ 25

and ~ 14F g-1 at scan rates of 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200
mV s-1, respectively. 59
 Charge–discharge curves of EDLC cell

(a) Nyquist plots of electrolyte

compositions PGCE-1 and PGCE-2 (b)
Nyquist plots for PGCE-1 at different
temperatures
 Fig. 10c shows typical charge–discharge curves of the
EDLC cell. An initial sudden drop in the voltage during the
switching from charge to discharge is associated with
Ohmic drop related to internal resistance (ESR) of cell.

 The Cd values are obtained as ~ 80, ~ 60 and ~ 54 Fg -1

at current of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mA cm-2, respectively. 60
 Specific discharge capacitance (Cd) and
Coulombic efficiency (η)

where Δtd and Δtc are the

(a) Nyquist plots of electrolyte
discharging and charging time at
compositions PGCE-1 and PGCE-2 (b)
the constant current
Nyquist plots for PGCE-1 at different
temperatures

 Fig.10d shows Cd and coulombic efficiency of EDLC cell

with cycle numbers at a constant current of 1 mA cm-2.

 Cd of EDLC cell is obtained as ~60 Fg -1 and drops

negligibly and remains ~ 55 Fg-1 at 2000th cycle. The
coulombic efficiency of cell is observed initially as
61
~
97%, which becomes ~ 103 % after 100 cycles.
 Sodium-ion conducting
gel polymer electrolytes added with
Cu(1-x)NaxInS2 Nanoparticles
N- SERIES ELECTROLYTE
 ELECTROLYTE PREPARATION
CuInS2
Sample
NaTf PMMA TEGDME (Doped with Na nano
Designation
particles in wt%)

N1 0.055gm 0.5gm 0.5ml 0

N2 0.055gm 0.5gm 0.5ml 5

N3 0.055gm 0.5gm 0.5ml 10

N4 0.055gm 0.5gm 0.5ml 15

ANALYSIS OF ELECTROCHEMICAL
AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
N- SERIES
 2000
N1
• Intercept on Z’ gives
N2 Rb
1500 N3
N4 • Rb α 1/
CONDUCTIVITY
1000
• Rb decr with incr in
Z''

Temp

500

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Z'
COMPLEX IMPEDANCE PLOT

PMMA/NaTf/TEGDME/Cu1-xNaxInS2(Na nanoparticle Doped)

66
IONIC CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT

BULK
THICKNESS (t) CONDUCTIVITY (σ)
SAMPLE RESISTANCE
(cm) (S/cm)
Rb

N1 0.047 339.849 1.383X10-4

N2 0.046 1640.709 2.804X 10-5

N3 0.052 289.152 1.798 X 10-4

N4 0.054 224.211 2.408X10-4

6
8
N1

IONIC CONDUCTIVITY ( Scm )

N2

-1
N3
1E-3 N4

1E-4

1E-5
3.05 3.10 3.15 3.20 3.25 3.30
-1
1000/T (K )

• VARIATION IN ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY WITH CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE

• STRAIGHT LINE FEATURE INDICATIVE OF ARRHENIOUS BEHAVIOUR

• HIGH CONDUCTIVITY AT HIGH TEMP DUE TO INCR THERMAL MOVEMENT OF

POLYMER CHAIN SEGMENTS & GREATER SALT DISSOCIATION
6
9
7
2.0x10 N1
N2
7
1.5x10 N3
N4
7
1.0x10

6
5.0x10

0.0

1 2 3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10 10

log f
• HIGH DIELECTRIC CONSTANT VALUES AT LOW FREQ DUE TO SPACE
CHARGE POLARISATION

• INCR IN DIELECTRIC CONSTANT VALUES WITH RISE IN TEMP

 7
6x10 T-30
7
5x10 T-35
T-40
7
4x10 T-45
' (N-4)

7 T-50
3x10
T-55
7
2x10
7
1x10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10 10
log f 70
7
1
7
2.5x10
N1
7
2.0x10 N2
N3
7
1.5x10 N4
 7
1.0x10

6
5.0x10

0.0

10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000

log f
 7
4x10 T-30
T-35
7 T-40
3x10
T-45
'' (N-4)

7
T-50
2x10
T-55
7
1x10

1 2 3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10 10
log f 72
7
3

N1
0.04 N2
N3
N4
M'

0.02

0.00

10 100 1000 10000 1000001000000

log f
 -3
7.0x10 T-30
6.0x10
-3 T-35
-3 T-40
5.0x10
-3
T-45
4.0x10 T-50
-3
T-55
M'

3.0x10
-3
2.0x10
-3
1.0x10
0.0
-3
-1.0x10
1 2 3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10 10
log f 74
7
5
0.05
N1
0.04 N2
N3
0.03 N4
M''

0.02

0.01

0.00

10 100 1000 10000 1000001000000 1E7

log f
 -2
1.4x10 T-30
1.2x10
-2
T-35
1.0x10
-2 T-40
-3
T-45
8.0x10
T-50
M''

-3
6.0x10 T-55
-3
4.0x10
-3
2.0x10
0.0
-3
-2.0x10
1 2 3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10 10
log f 76
 100
N1
80 N2
N3
60 N4
tan

40

20

1 2 3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10 10

log f
• TO ANALYSE RELAXATION TIME
77
• PAEK SHIFTS WITH CONC OF SALT IN HIGHER FREQ RG
 400 T-30
T-35
T-40
300
T-45
T-50
tan 

200 T-55

100

0
1 2 3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10 10
log f 78
ION DYNAMICS PARAMETERS
8
0 ELECTROCHEMICAL STABILITY WINDOW
-4
1.0x10
N4
0.0
-4
-1.0x10
Current (I)

-4
2.0x10
1.0x10
-4 N3
0.0
-4
-1.0x10
-4
3.0x10 N2
0.0
-4
-3.0x10
N1
0.0

-4
-3.0x10
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Voltage (V)
8
1
CONFIRMATION OF Na ION TRANSPORT

-4
5.0x10
0.0
-4
-5.0x10 N4
CURRENT (A)

-4
5.0x10
0.0
-4
-5.0x10 N3
-4
5.0x10
0.0
-4
-5.0x10 N2
-4
5.0x10
0.0
-4
-5.0x10 N1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
POTENTIAL (V)
 CURRENT RESEARCH
1. Mohanjeet Singh Syali (Enrol. No. 199999907502)
Gel Polymer Electrolyte Membranes as superionic
conductors for Electrochemical applications
2. Rajkumar singh (Enrol No. 199999907506)
Study on gel based electrolytes for metal-sulfur batteries
3. Rajendra Singh Nagar (Enrol. No. 209999909002)
High Conducting, Leak-proof, Non-flammable, ion-
conducting electrolytes intended for energy/power
storage applications.
4. Gaurav Bhatnagar (Enrol. No. 209999909001)
Thermostable polymer gel electrolytes for electric double
layer supercapacitors

CRG-SERB project Approved by DST on “Developing

polymer gel electrolytes and sulfur-cathodes for sodium-
sulfur batteries operating at room temperature.
 RECENT PUBLICATIONS (2023)
[1] A review on ternary CuFeS2 compound: Fabrication strategies
and applications, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 938 (2023)
168566.
[2] Fundamentals, recent developments and prospects of Lithium
and non-Lithium electrochemical rechargeable battery systems,
Journal of Energy Chemistry 81 (2023) 221-259.
[3] Recent advances and prospects of K-ion conducting polymer
electrolytes, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 935 (2023)
117334.
[4] Polymer gel electrolytes containing sodium salts with BF 4-,
ClO4-, and CF3SO3- anions immobilized in TEGDME molecular liquid
for sodium battery and electric double layer capacitor, Solid State
Ionics 402 (2023) 116375
[5] Effect of varying lithium perchlorate salt concentration on
electrochemical and physical properties of polymer gel electrolytes
containing heat-resistant poly(methyl methacrylate) and
succinonitrile, J Appl Electrochem (2023)