Classification Of

Carbohydrates And Their

Chemical Properties
PREPARED BY –
ROHIT SHARMA
ROLL NO. U15-084 , TDC 1 S T SEM
ENROLLMENT NO. – ZOO1632065
What are Carbohydrates ?
Carbohydrates…
A carbohydrate is a biological molecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and
oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water) ,
having empirical formula CnH2nOn where n is any natural number .
Carbohydrates are technically hydrates of carbon; structurally it is more accurate to
view them as polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones.
The term is most common in biochemistry, where it is a synonym of saccharide, a
group that includes sugars, starch, and cellulose.
Functions of Carbohydrates -
Classification of Carbohydrates…
•Carbohydrates are classified according to the number of subunits that make
them up .
3 Types of Carbohydrates -
Monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides - Disaccharides
Trisaccharides
Tetrasaccharides and more
Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides -
Monosaccharides are simple sugars, or the compounds which possess a free
aldehyde (CHO) or ketone (C=O) group and two or more hydroxyl (OH) groups.
They are the simplest sugars and cannot be hydrolysed further into smaller
units.
Monosaccharides contain a single carbon chain and are classified on the basis
of number of carbon atoms they possess, and as aldoses or ketoses depending
upon their groups.
Example – Glucose , Fructose
Oligosaccharides …
•These are compound sugars that yield 2 to 10 molecules of the same or different
monosaccharides on hydrolysis.
•Accordingly, an oligosaccharide yielding 2 molecules of monosaccharide on
hydrolysis is designated as a disaccharide, and the one yielding 3 molecules of
monosaccharide as a trisaccharide and so on. Disaccharides – Sucrose, Lactose,
Maltose, Cellobiose, Trehalose, Gentiobiose, Melibiose
Trisaccharides – Rhamninose, Gentianose, Raffinose (= Melitose), Rabinose, Melezitose
Tetrasaccharides – Stachyose, Scorodose
Pentasaccharide – Verbascose
Polysaccharides
Containing 10 or more monosaccharide units attached together .
•Examples
1. Starch - digestible
2. Glycogen - digestible
3. Fiber - indigestible
Long chains of glucose units join together by glycosidic linkages to form these polysaccharides.
•Cellulose gives structure to plants, fiber to our diet
•Glycogen is an energy storage sugar produced by animals
•Liver cells synthesize glycogen after a meal to maintain blood glucose levels .
Some common heteropolysaccharides
-
Chitin - Chitin (C8H13O5N)n is a long-chain polymer of an N-acetylglucosamine, a
derivative of glucose, and is found in many places throughout the natural world. It is a
characteristic component of the cell walls of fungi, the exoskeletons of arthropods such as
crustaceans (e.g., crabs, lobsters and shrimps) and insects .
 Peptidoglycan - Peptidoglycan, also known as murein, is a polymer
consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the
plasma membrane of most bacteria, forming the cell wall. The sugar component
consists of alternating residues of β-(1,4) linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-
acetylmuramic acid. Attached to the N-acetylmuramic acid is a peptide chain of
three to five amino acids. The peptide chain can be cross-linked to the peptide
chain of another strand forming the 3D mesh-like layer.
THANK YOU !!