FOOTNOTING

FOOTNOTE is a note
of reference,
explanation, or
comment usually
placed below the
text on a printed
page.
Examples of Footnotes
Book – One Author
Dunstan, Ewen, Sources of ideas, Sun Press, Boston,
2004, p. 71-78.
Book – Multiple Authors
Raphael, Gerald, Brown Colin and Stewart, Ann, Design
ideas Harris, New York, 1998.
Chapter in a Book by Another Author
Jane, Thompson, Women’s art. Chap. in Art in the
1990’s, eds. Privet, James, and Martin, Peter, Maundie
Press, New York, 2003.
Article in Journal
Gerald, King, Design speaks, Signs and
symbols, vol. 5, no.1, 1998, p. 25-30.
Published Conference Proceedings
Erin, Carter, and Packer, K, eds, Selected
Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Conference on
Art Studies, University of Westland, Westland,
1999, p. 139-150.
Internet Citation
Iris, Heetman, Early design development,
Waters Research Centre, 2004,
http://www.wester.com, Viewed 15 June, 2004.
A. Explanatory Footnotes
Explanatory footnotes
provide additional information
on or clarification of
statements made in the text.
They contain material that is
related to but not appropriate
for inclusion in the text itself.
Examples of Explanatory Footnotes

i. Content
Example:
Productivity and price inflation are expected to
affect future expenditures on health-care
services.1
__________
1
Productivity is measured by the non-quality-adjusted
unit costs — the recurrent expenditures at the facility
level divided by the volume of units of service for
outpatient visits and inpatient admissions. A decline in
unit costs is regarded as a productivity improvement.
Examples of Explanatory Footnotes
ii. Notes to explanatory footnotes
 When an explanatory footnote includes an element or
statement that would normally require a footnote, the reference
can be given in parentheses at the end of the footnote.

Example:
1
The world population aged 60 and older is expected
to triple between 2005 and 2050, whereas the
population aged 80 years or over is projected to
increase by a factor of 4.5 over the same time period
(World Economic and Social Survey 2007:
Development in an Ageing World (United Nations
publication, Sales No. E.07.II.C.1), table II.3).
Examples of Explanatory Footnotes
iii. Supplementary sources of information
 Explanatory footnotes may refer readers to other sources for
clarification or additional information. Supplementary and
illustrative sources are introduced by “see”, “see also” or “see,
for example”. References to websites can also be introduced by
the words “available from”.

Examples:
1
For a technical discussion, see William A. Brock and Steven N.
Durlauf, “Growth empirics and reality”, World Bank Economic
Research, vol. 15, No.2 (2001).
2
For an assessment of the progress made in Afghanistan, see the
report of the Security Council mission to Afghanistan, 11 to 16
November 2006 (S/2006/935); see also the Afghanistan Compact
(S/2006/90, annex).
B. Source Footnotes
Source footnote citations
help us document, organize,
and analyze the evidence
gathered.
Examples of Source Footnotes

i. Published Books
Ideal format: 1. Author(s), Title (Place of publication: Publisher,
year of publication), volume: page number(s), [book call number;
microfilm call number]. Digitized by Repository at URL (accessed
date). Comment.
1
Clement Luther Martzolff, FamilySearch Books Online (New Lexington,
Ohio: Ward & Weiland, 1902), 144-46. [FHL book 977.159 H2m; FHL film
897280 Item 2]. Digitized by BYU Family History Archives (accessed 20
January 2009). Laudatory biographical sketch. PAF Edit Source—
Source Title: History of Perry County Ohio Author: Clement Luther
Martzolff Publication Information: (New Lexington, Ohio: Ward &
Weiland, 1902) Repository: [empty] Call Number: [FHL book 977.159
H2m; FHL film 897280 Item 2] Actual Text: [empty] Comments:
[empty] Sources— Film/Volume/Page Number: 144-46 Date record
was made: [empty] Comments: Digitized by BYU Family History
Archives(accessed 20 January 2009). Laudatory biographical sketch.
Actual Text: [empty].
Examples of Source Footnotes

ii. Internet Sites

Ideal format: 3. Author(s), "Page-Title" in Site-Title at URL
(accessed date). Comment.
1
National Genealogical Society, "Standards for Sharing Information
with Others" in National Genealogical Society (Internet site), at
www.ngsgenealogy.org/comstandsharing.htm (accessed 11
November 2003). Emphasizes getting permission. PAF Edit
Source— Source Title: Standards for Sharing Information with
Others in National Genealogical Society (Internet site) Author:
National Genealogical Society Publication Information: at
www.ngsgenealogy.org/ comstandsharing.htm (accessed 11
November 2003) Repository: [empty] Call Number: [empty]
Actual Text: [empty] Comments: [empty] Sources—
Film/Volume/Page Number: [empty] Date record was
made: [empty] Comments: Emphasizes getting permission.
Actual Text: [empty].
Examples of Source Footnotes

iii. Published Periodicals

Ideal format: 18. Author(s), "Article Title," Periodical-
Title volume: page(s). [call number]. Comment.
1
G. David Dilts, "Citing Sources Using the Chicago Manual of
Style", UGA Genealogical Journal 24 (1996): 149-61. [FHL
book 973 D25gj v. 24]. Limited Internet examples. PAF Edit
Source— Source Title: "Citing Sources Using the Chicago
Manual of Style" Author: G. David Dilts Publication
Information: UGA Genealogical Journal Repository:
[empty] Call Number: [FHL book 973 D25gj v. 24] Actual
Text: [empty] Comments: [empty] Sources—
Film/Volume/Page Number: 24 (1996): 149-61 Date
record was made: [empty] Comments: Limited Internet
examples. Actual Text: [empty].
C. Internal / In-text
Examples of Internal Footnotes