A SEMINAR PRESENTATION ON MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY; DIAGNOSIS,

TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES.

BY
ODOEMELAM JOSEPHINE CHINYERE
.
20181117665.
SUBMITTED TO:
THE DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY,
SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES.

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD

OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.Sc.) IN MICROBIOLOGY

JANUARY, 2024.
 MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Medical microbiology is a specialized field within
microbiology that focuses on the study of microorganisms
and their interactions with the human body, specifically in
the context of health and disease.

Microbes are subdivided into one of the four groups;

• BACTERIA
• VIRUSES
• FUNGI
• PARASITES
INFECTIOUS DISEASE
TYPES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
 VIRAL INFECTIONS

VIRAL INFECTIONS.

• Digestive system infections.

• Viral hemorrhagic fevers.
• Sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
• Exanthematous (rash-causing) infections.
• Neurological infections.
• Congenital infections.
• Respiratory infections.
 MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Virus can be transmitted through the following ways;
• From other people (through coughing, sneezing or close
contact).
• From surfaces or objects that someone with a virus has
touched (like countertops, doorknobs, or phones).
• Through vaginal, oral, or anal sex.
• From a bite from an infected animal, mosquito, or tick.
• From eating contaminated food or swallowing contaminated
water.
 PREVENTION AND CONTROL STRATEGIES

Some viral diseases prevention and control strategies

includes:
1. Antiviral Medicationa
2. Convalescent Plasma
3. Post-exposure prophylaxis.
 BACTERIA

Bacteria are prokaryotic (pro, before; karyon, kernel)

organisms that are relatively simple in structure.
some examples of bacteria includes;
• Gram positive bacteria
• Gram negative bacteria
 MODE OF TRANSMISSION

There are five principal ways through which bacteria can be

transmitted:
• Contact
• Airborne
• Droplets
• Vectors
• Vehicular (Contaminated inanimate objects such as food,
water, and fomites,)
 PREVENTION AND CONTROL STRATEGIES

Bacterial infections can be highly contagious, therefore

extra measures need to be taken to prevent the spread of
infection and this can be observed by;
• Washing your hands properly.
• covering up when sneezing and coughing.
• Not sharing cups and drink bottles.
• Having safe sex.
• Not sharing needles.
• Taking antibiotics as directed.
 FUNGI

Fungal infections can affect anyone, and they can appear

on several parts of the body. A jock with athlete’s foot, a
baby with thrush, and a woman with a vaginal yeast
infection are just a few examples.
Fungi are microorganisms characterized by a substance in
their cell walls called chitin. Some fungi, like many types of
mushrooms, are edible. Other types of fungi, like
aspergillus, can be extremely dangerous and lead to life-
threatening diseases.
 MODE OF TRANSMISSION

Fungi reproduce by
releasing spores that can ba
picked up by direct contact
or even inhaled. Fungal
infections are most likely to
ffct the nails, skin, or lungs.

A fungal Madura foot

 HOW TO REDUCE FUNGAL REINFECTION
Fungal spores can survive long periods. The following measures can be
used to reduce the chance of reinfection.
• Do not share towels, sheets, or personal clothing.

• Avoid long periods wearing the same clothing or wearing occlusive

clothing such as wet weather gear and nylon pantyhose.

• Wear open-toed sandals when possible. Avoid long periods in occlusive

footwear such as gum boots or tramping boots.

• Use antifungal foot powder containing ciclopirox, econazole,

miconazole, tolciclate, tolnaftate or undecylenic acid. Sprinkle it in your
shoes.
 PARASITES
Parasites are the most complex of all
microbes. All parasites are classified as
eukaryotic, some are unicellular, and others
are multicellular, some are as small as 4–5
μm in diameter and others are up to 10 m in
length, and some are amorphous with
minimal features whereas others have
characteristic structures, such as a head,
body, and legs.
There are three main classes of parasites
that can cause infections in the body.;
1. Protozoa
A leg infected with Chromoblastomycosis
2. Helminths
 PARASITIC MODE OF TRANSMISSION
ANIMALS(ZOONOTIC):
Pets can carry parasites and pass parasites to people. Proper handwashing can greatly reduce risk. A zoonotic disease
is a disease spread between animals and people. Zoonotic diseases can be caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, and
fungi.
BLOOD
Some parasites can be bloodborne. This means;
1. the parasite can be found in the bloodstream of infected people; and
2. the parasite might be spread to other people through exposure to an infected person’s blood (for example, by
blood transfusion or by sharing needles or syringes contaminated with blood). Some examples include; African
trypanosomiasis,leishmaniasis, and malaria.
FOOD
Numerous parasites can be transmitted by food including many protozoa and helminths.Many of these organisms can
also be transmitted by water, soil, or person-to-person contact. A wide variety of helminthic roundworms, tapeworms,
and flukes are transmitted in foods such as
• Undercooked fish, crabs, and mollusks.
• Undercooked meat.
• Raw aquatic plants, such as watercress; and
• Raw vegetables that have been contaminated by human or animal feces.
 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, Infectious diseases are illnesses caused by pathogenic
microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. These diseases
can spread from person to person, through direct or indirect contact, and often
result in a wide range of symptoms, from mild to severe. The course of
infectious diseases can be acute or chronic, and they can affect various organs
and systems in the body. Key aspects of infectious diseases include
transmission dynamics, host-pathogen interactions, and the development of
immunity. Prevention and control strategies include vaccination, antimicrobial
therapies, public health measures, and education.
THANK YOU