Faculty of Chemical Engineering

Department of Inorganic Technology

General Chemistry

Final Examination
Review

PhD. Đặng Văn Hân

Office: 112B2 or 804H3 Building
Email: dvhan@hcmut.edu.vn
Outline
1. Chapter 4 – Thermodynamic Chemistry

2. Chapter 5 – Kinetic Chemistry

3. Chapter 6 – Chemical Equilibrium

4. Chapter 7 – Dilute Solutions

2
Thermodynamics vs. Kinetics
Domain of
thermodynamics
(Initial & Final States)
 THERMODYNAMICS
Predicts direction and ‘driving force’ of
Domain of
kinetics
chemical reactions based ONLY on the
properties of reactants and products.

 KINETICS
Energy

Predicts rate of chemical reaction depend on

Reactants the pathway from reactants to products.
- The rate of chemical reactions;
Products
- How to control or influence the rate (lower – faster);
- The mechanism of reaction.
Reaction progress 3
Chapter 4 – State Function vs. Process Function

1. State Function ONLY depends on initial and final states

(ToC, P, V, internal E, enthalpy H, entropy S, Gibb free energy G, …)

X rxn   nX products   mX reactants

2. Process Function depends on initial + final states and

pathways taken
 Work W = -P△V = △nRT Solid or Liquids V 0
(W):
 Heat (Q): Q = mc△t
4
Chapter 4 – Internal E. and Signs of Work & Heat
1. Internal E. (E or U) is total existent energies in a system
E = Q + W
 Heat (Q, ∆H): Exothermic rxn (Q, ∆H < 0)  Work (A): Generation (W < 0)
Endothermic rxn (Q, ∆H > 0) Receiving (W > 0)

 Isochoric process: V = 0 → W = 0 QV = E
 Isobaric process: P = 0 → W = -P∆V = ∆nRT QP = H

H = E + PV = E + nRT Qp = Qv + nRT 5

Chương 4 – Properites of ∆H vs. Kcb
Consider general rxn: A + B → C + D with ∆H1 and K1

 The total rxn:  The total rxn:

A+B→C+D ∆H1 A+B→C+D K1
C+E→B+F ∆H2 C+E→B+F K2

A+E→B+F ∆H3 = ∆H1 + ∆H2 A+E→B+F K3 = K1K2

 Coefficient changes:  Coefficient changes:
2A + 2B → 2C + 2D ∆H2 = 2∆H1 2A + 2B → 2C + 2D K2 = (K1)2
 Direction change in rxn  Direction change in rxn
C+D→A+B ∆H2 = -∆H1 C+D→A+B K2 = 1/K1
Chapter 4 – The Calculation for Reaction Heats
Formation Heat: form 1 mol substance from its stable-constituent elements
Na(s) + 1/2Cl2(g) → NaCl(s) 

H  rxn   mH products   nH reactants


f

f

Combustion Heat: burn 1 mol substance with O2 gas to form burned products
CH4 (g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) +2H2O(l)

H  rxn   mH reactants   nH products


c

c

Transformation Heat: H (solid) < H (liquid) < H (gas)

S (solid) < S (liquid) < S (gas) 7
Chapter 4 – The Calculation for Reaction Heats
Hess’ Law: Under P = const., H of chemical process only depends
on the initial and final states, independent on the pathways taken
CH4(g)  C(s) + 2H2(g) H1
2O2(g)  2O2(g) H2
C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g) H3
2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(l) H4
Initial: A → Final: B
---------------------------------------------
H1 = H2 + H3 + H4
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l) Htotal

HT2 = H0T1 + Cp(T2 – T1) Htotal = H1 + H2 + H3 + H4

8
Chapter 4 – Entropy & The Up-Down Trends of ∆S
∆S = Sfinal – Sinitial
Entropy (S) is a measure of the
randomness or disorder in a system ∆S =
1. Increasing Temp. increases Entropy
Example: S0298H2O (l) < S0350H2O (l)
2. The more complex the system, the more weight and larger the
molecule, the higher the entropy.
Example: S0298(NO) < S0298(NO2)

3. Increasing pressure decreases entropy

Example: S400H2O (g, 3 atm ) < S400H2O (g, 1atm)
9
Chapter 4 – Entropy & The Up-Down Trends of ∆S
1. Entropy Increases (∆S > 0) when:
- In reaction, a molecule is broken into two or more smaller molecules
- In reaction, phase transformation from SOLID → LIQUID → GAS

2. In chemical reaction at P, T = const.:

C(gr) + CO2(g) = 2CO(g); n = 1 mol > 0 → Srxn > 0

N2(g) + 3H2(g) = 2NH3(g); n = -2 mol < 0 → Srxn < 0

2HI(g) = H2(g) + I2(g); n = 0 → Srxn  0

3. Chemical rxns spontaneously occur when: ∆H < 0 and ∆S > 0 1

Chapter 4 – Gibbs Free Energy (∆G)
State function G = H – TS is used to PREDICT THE DIRECTION of
a chemical process in isobaric and isothermal conditions.
∆G = ∆H – T∆S ∆G = ∆mGfinal – ∆nGinitial ∆G = -RTlnK

Note: Hf and G of stable substances (H2, O2, Al, …) and H+.aq = 0.

G < 0: FORWARD reaction is spontaneous.

G > 0 : Rxn CANNOT occur (BACKWARD rxn CAN occur)

G = 0 : Reaction reaches to EQUILIBRIUM STATE.

Note: S similar with
Chapter 4 – Practices
Q.1: Choose the correct statement: Consider the reaction:
NO (g) + ½ O2 (g) = NO2 (g) ΔH°298 = 7.4 kcal
The reaction is carried out in a closed vessel of a constant volume, after which the
reaction is turned back to the initial temperature. Such the process is:
A. Isobaric and Isothermal B. Isochoric and Isothermal
C. Isochoric D. Isobaric and isochoric

Q.2: Base on RXN in Question 1. Choose the correct statement:

A. Closed and homogeneous B. Isolated and heterogenous

C. Closed and heterogenous D. Isolated and homogenous
12
Chapter 4 – Practices
Q.3: Choose the correct statement. The standard enthalpy formation of CO2 (g) at

25oC is of the following reaction:

A. C(diamond) + O2(g)  CO2(g) B. C(graphite) + 2/3O3(g)  CO2(g)
C. C(graphite) + 2O(g)  CO2(g) D. C(graphite) + O2(g)  CO2(g)

Q.4: According to the heat effects (H) of these reactions given below, which value
is the heat of combustion?
1) C (graphite) + 1/2 O2 (g) = CO (g), ΔH°298 = -110.55 kJ
2) H2 (g) + 1/2 O2 (g) = H2O (l), ΔH°273 = - 571.20 kJ
3) H2 (g) + 1/2 O2 (g) = H2O (g), ΔH°298 = -237.84 kJ
4) C (graphite) + O2 (g) = CO2 (g), ΔH°298 = -393.50 kJ
A. 1 B. 2 C. 2, 4 D. 1, 2, 3, 4 13
Chapter 4 – Practices
Q.5: Choose incorrect statement. The following quantities are STATE FUNCTION:

A. Enthalpy, Heat capacity B. Heat, Work.

C. Temperature, Pressure. D. Internal E., Gibbs Free Energy

Q.6: Choose the correct statement. Consider rxn: H2(g) + ½ O2 (g) = H2O(g) with

H298 = –241.8 kJ and G298 = –228.6kJ. Calculate S298 (J/K) of the above
reaction.

A. +12.5 B. –0,528 C. –44.3 D. –0.044

Q.7: Choose the correct. The process of converting vapor to liquid phase of H2O has:
A. H > 0, S > 0 B. H < 0, S < 0
C. H > 0, S < 0 D. H < 0, S > 0 14
Chapter 4 – Practices
Q.8: Determine 0 of the reaction B  2A based on the enthalpy changes of the
following reactions: A. 0 = 3­ - 21 - 2

A  C 1 B. 0 = 3 + 2 - 21

2C  D 2 C. 0 = 22 - 21 - 3­

B  D 3
Q.9: Choose the correct statement. FromD.
these = 2of+
 values
0 under
+ same
1  2
conditions:
3

(1) 2SO2(g) + O2(g) = 2SO3(g) H1 = -196 kJ

(2) 2S(s) + 3O2(g) = 2SO3(g) H2 = -790 kJ

Calculate 3 at the above conditions of the following rxn (3): S(s)+ O2(g) = SO2(g)
A. H3 = -297 kJ B. H3 = -594 kJ C. H3 = 594 kJ D. H3 = 297 kJ 15
Chapter 4 – Practices
Q.10: Choose the correct statement(s) about the entropy of the following substances:
1) 2) 3)
4) 5) 6)
A. 1, 2, 3, 4 B. 2, 3, 6 C. 2, 3, 4, 6 D. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6

Q.11: Choose the correct statement. Consider the following reactions:

1) H2 (g) + I2 (g) = 2HI (g)

2) KClO3 (s) = KCl (s) + 3/2O2 (g)

3) C2H4 (g) + H2 (g) = C2H6 (g)

Which reactions have the maximum and minimum S values, respectively?
A. 2, 3 B. 1, 2 C. 3, 2 D. 3, 1
16
Chapter 4 – Practices
Q.12: Which of the following represents an increase in entropy?
A. Boiling of glucose solution
B. The reaction 2NO (g) → N2O2 (g)
C. Freezing of water
D. Crystallization of salt from a supersaturated solution

Q.13: Calculate S when 1 mol of steam condense to liquid water at 1000C,1

atm. Given that the heat of vaporization of H2O at 100oC, 1 atm is 549 cal/g.
A. ∆S = -26.5 cal/mol.K. B. ∆S = +26.5 cal/mol.K.
C. ∆S = -1.44 cal/mol.K. D. ∆S = +1.44 cal/mol.K.
17
Chapter 4 – Practices
Q.14: Choose the correct stat. Calculate: CH4(g) + H2O(g) = CO(g) + 3H2(g);

Given that: f [kJ/mol] –74.8 –241.8 –110.5

[J/mol.K] 186.2 188.7 197.6 131.0
(Consider that ∆H0 and ∆S0 do NOT depend on temperature)

A. – 80250 kJ B. 126 kJ C. – 223 kJ

Q.15:D.At
142 kJ standard state, which of the following substances has a standard
the
Gibbs free energy of formation of zero?
(1) O2 (g) (2) Cl2 (g) (3) Br2 (g)

A. (1) and (2) only B. (2) and (3) only

C. (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)
Chapter 4 – Practices
Q.16: Choose the correct statement. Rxn: A(l) + B(l) = C(l) + D(l) with Ho = +90.0 kJ
and So = +100 J/K. Which temperature will the reaction will occur spontaneously?
Assume that Ho and So mostly unchange to temperature.

A. T = 900 K B. T = 900oC C. T > 900 K D. T < 900 K

Q.17: For the following general reaction, what can be said about the spontaneity at
different temperatures? 2A (g) + B (g) → C (g) + 2D (l); ΔHo is positive
A. not product-favored at any temperature
B. product-favored at all temperatures
C. product-favored only at high temperature
D. product-favored only at low temperature
Chapter 4 – Practices
Q.18: Choose the correct statement. Please predict the spontaneous abilitiy of the
following reactions at standard conditions.
1) 3O2 (g)  2O3 (g); Ho > 0: NON-Spontaneous at ALL Temp.

2) C4H8 (g) + 6O2 (g)  4CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g); H0 < 0: Spontaneous at ALL Temp.

3) CaCO3 (s)  CaO (s) + CO2 (g); H0 > 0: Spontaneous at HIGH Temp.

4) SO2 (g) + ½ O2 (g)  SO3 (g); H0 < 0: Spontaneous at LOW Temp.

A. Only 1,3 B. Only 1,3,4 C. Only 2,4 D. All of them

Q.19: A reaction that is NOT spontaneous at low temperature can become
spontaneous at HIGH temperature if the signs of ∆Ho and ∆So must be _______ and
_______, respectively.
A. +, + B. -, + C. +, - D. -, - 20
Chapter 4 – Practices
Q.20: Choose the CORRECT statement. Given that the melting process of ice at
atmospheric pressure and 0oC has ∆G = 0. Therefore, this process at the same
pressure and 283K has the sign of ∆G as:
A. ∆G = 0 B. ∆G > 0 C. ∆G < 0 D. Non prediction

Q.21: Choose the correct statement. Based on the sign of ∆ of the following rxn:
PbO2(s) + Pb (s) = 2PbO(s); ∆<0

SnO2(s) + Sn (s) = 2SnO(s); ∆>0

The MORE STABLE positive oxidation states for Pb and Sn metals are:
A. Pb (+2) and Sn (+4) B. Pb (+2) and Sn (+2)
C. Pb (+4) and Sn (+2) D. Pb (+4) and Sn (+4) 21
Thermodynamics vs. Kinetics
Domain of
thermodynamics
(Initial & Final States)
 THERMODYNAMICS
Predicts direction and ‘driving force’ of
Domain of
kinetics
chemical reactions based ONLY on the
properties of reactants and products.

 KINETICS
Energy

Predicts rate of chemical reaction depend on

Reactants the pathway from reactants to products.
- The rate of chemical reactions;
Products
- How to control or influence the rate (lower – faster);
- The mechanism of reaction.
Reaction progress 22
Chapter 5 – Chemical Kinetics
aA (g) + bB (g) = cC (g) + dD (g)

Reaction rate: v = k[A]m[B]n m = a and n = b: for SIMPLE RXN

Complex Reaction: is a rxn that undergoes many concessive stages.

The OVERALL REACTION RATE is determined by the LOWEST RATE of
SIMPLE RXN.

The overall reaction rate (m+n) must be experimentally

calculated even not only based on reaction mechanism:
 Chương 5 – Reaction Rates
 The average rate:  The instantaneous rate

rxn =- =- =+ =- =- =+

Consider simple rxn: A  B+C vrxn = k

When reactant A is doubled its con., Reaction rate will increase 2n times

When reactant A is increased m times its con., Reaction rate will increase mn times

The unit of k: [k] = [mol/l](1-orders) .[s]-1 = M1-orders.s-1

24
Chương 5 – The Rate Constant (k)
 Nature of reaction and Temp.
E*  The activation energy.

Arrhenius equation: k  A.e RT
 Catalysts
 But, independent on
concentration of reactants

 Temp. effect on Rate Const.  Temp. effect on Keq

25
Chapter 5 – The Effects of Concentration (K thi)
dC A
Consider rxn: A  products   kC A
n
rrxn
dt
[A]t t
dC A
0. THE ZERO ORDER: rrxn 
dt
 kC A  k
n
 
[ A ]0
dC A   kt
0

t 1 2  C / 2k
o
A C A  C   kt o
A
[A]t
dC A dC A t
    kt
1. THE 1 ORDER:
st
rrxn    kC A  kC A
n
CA
dt [ A ]0 0

ln(2) 0,693  A t 
t 12   ln    kt
k k  A 0 
Chapter 5 – The Effects of Concentration (K thi)
dC A
Consider rxn: A  products   kC A
n
rrxn
dt
[A]t
dC A dC A t
2. THE 2 ORDER:
nd rrxn 
dt
 kC An  kC A2  2
[ A ]0 C A
  kt
0

1 1 1
t 12    kt
kC A0 C A C A0

1 C B0 C A
Consider rxn: A + B  products kt  ln
C A0  C B0 C A0 C B
Chapter 5 – The Effects of Temperature (K thi)
Van’t Hoff Principle: when the temperature increase of 10oC, the
reaction increases 2-4 times.
k T 10n Ex.: As temperature increases from 20oC to
 
n
 ( 2  4) n
kT 100oC: 100 = 20+10n → n = 4

 The effects of Catalysts:

- Reduce the activation energy
- ONLY CHANGE rxn rate and times
- NOT CHANGE the EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT 28
Chapter 5 – Practices
Q.1: Choose the correct statement. For reaction: 2A (g) + B (g)  C(g). The correct
reaction rate expression of the above reaction is:
A. v = k.CA2.CB
B. v = k. Cc
C. v = k.CAm.CBn , where m & n must be determined experimentally
D. v = k.CAm.CBn , where m & n relate to the stoichiometric coefficients of the rxn
Q.2: Choose the incorrect statement. Consider rxn: aA (g) + bB (g) = cC (g) + dD (g)
with rrxn = k.CAm.CBn. The overall order of the above reaction:
1) Always equals (n + m) 2) Equals [(c+d) - (a+b)]
3) Can be fractions 4) Equals (a+b)

A. 1 and 2 B. 2 and 4 C. 1 and 4 D. All of them 29

Chapter 5 – Practices
Q.3: Consider the following reaction: 2NO2 (g) + CO (g) = CO2 (g) + NO (g). The rxn
rate expression is experimentally as . Which mechanisms agree with the rate law of
this reaction?

A. Only 1 step: NO2(g) + CO(g) = CO2(g) + NO(g)

B. Step 1: NO2(g) + NO2(g) = NO(g) + NO3(g) LOW

Step 2: NO3 (g) + CO(g) = CO2(g) + NO2(g) FAST

C. Step 1: NO2(g) + NO2(g) = NO(g) + NO3(g) FAST

Step 2: NO3 (g) + CO(g) = CO2(g) + NO2(g) LOW

D. None of the above 30

Chapter 5 – Practices
Q.4: The following graph shows the kinetics curves for the reaction of oxygen with
hydrogen to form water: O2 (g) + 2H2 (g) → 2H2O (g). Which curve is represented for
the concentration of oxygen?
A. the black curve

B. the dashed curve

C. any of these curves could be oxygen

D. the gray curve

Q.5: At elevated temperatures, consider rxn: N2O5 (g) → 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g). When the

rate of formation of NO2 is 5.5x10-4 M/s, the rate of reaction is:

A. 2.2x10-4 M/s B. 1.38x10-4 M/s C. 5.5x10-4 M/s D. 2.8x10-4 M/s
Chapter 5 – Practices
Q.6: Consider rxn: 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)  2H2O (g). The average rxn rate of this
reaction is determined according to [O2] of . So, the correct expression of based on
[H2O] is
A. B. C. D.

Q.7: Dinitrogen pentaoxide decomposes as follows: N2O5 (g) → 2NO2 (g) + ½O2 (g).

Given that , , and .

Derive a relation in k1, k2, and k3.

A. k1 = k2 = k3 B. 2k1 = k2 = 4k3

C. k1 = 2k2 = k3 D. k1 = 2k2 = ½k3

Chapter 5 – Practices
Q.8: The rate law of a reaction is rrxn = k[A]2, the unit of the rate constant is:
A. mol.l-1.s-1 B. s-1
C. mol.l-1 D. l.mol-1s-1

Q.9: Choose the correct statement. For Rxn: CO(g) + Cl2(g)  COCl2(g) is a simple
reaction. If [CO] increases from 0.1M to 0.4M, and [Cl2] increases from 0.3M to
0.9M, how does the reaction rate change?
A. Increases 3 times
B. Increases 7 times
C. Increases 4 times
D. Increases 12 times
33
Chapter 5 – Practices
Q.10: Choose the correct statement: For reaction: 2N2O5 (g)  4NO2 (g) + O2 (g).
The rate constant of the reaction at 64oC is 4.84 x 10-3 s-1. The rate law of the
following reaction is:
A. rrxn = k[N2O5]2 B. rrxn = k[N2O5]
C. rrxn = k D. rrxn = 2k[N2O5]2

Q.11: Reaction rates increase with increasing temperature because __________.

A. the activation energy (Ea) is decreased.
B. the energy of the transition state is lowered.
C. the activation energy (Ea) increases.
34
Chapter 5 – Practices
Q.12: Consider reaction:
S2O82− (aq) + 3I− (aq) → 2SO42− (aq) + I3− (aq)
The following table lists kinetics data for this reaction at 25oC. Determine the
rate law and calculate the rate constant.
Experiment [S2O82−]0 (M) [I−]0 (M) Initial rate (M/s)

1 0.27 0.38 2.05

2 0.40 0.38 3.04

3 0.40 0.22 1.76

A. r = k[S2O82−][I−]; and k = 20 M−1.s−1 B. r = k[S2O82−]2; and k = 10 M−1.s−1

C. r = k[S2O82−][I−]2; and k = 15 M−2.s−1 D. r = k[S2O82−][I−]; and k = 10 M−1.s−1 35

Chapter 5 – Practices
Q.13: Choose the correct statement: For reaction: 2A + 2B + C  D + E has the
following characteristics:

* [A], [B] are both kept const., [C] is doubled, the rxn rate is constant.
* [A], [C] are both kept const., [B] is doubled, the rxn rate is doubled.
* [A], [B] are both doubled, the rxn rate is increased by 8 times.

All three experiments are at the same temperature. Thus, the rate expression for the
reaction is:

A. v=k[A][B][C] B. v=k[A]2[B] C. v=k[A][B]2 D. v=k[A]2[B][C]

36
Chapter 5 – Practices
Q.14: Choose the correct properties of the catalyst. A catalyst increases the reaction
rate by the following properties:

1) Makes ΔG of the reaction more negative.

2) Increases the reaction rate by reducing its activation energy.

3) Increases the reaction rate by increasing the velocity of the particles.

4) Changes sign of ΔG of the reaction from positive to negative.

A. 1, 2, 3 B. 1, 2 C. 2 D. 2, 4

37
Chapter 6 – Chemical Equilibrium
EQUILIBRIUM STATE: is the state having the FORWARD RXN
RATE = BACKWARD RXN RATE and both reactant and product
concentration unchanged at the certain conditions

aA (l) + bB (l) cC (l) + dD (l)

 The forward rate: vf = kf[A]a[B]b  The backward rate: vb = kb[C]c[D]d

Reach equilibrium: vf = v b k 𝑓 [ C ]c [ D ] d
KC= =
k 𝑏 [ A ] a [ B ]b
 Notes:
 Dynamic equilibrium (the forward and backward rxn still occur)
∆ = 0 38
Chapter 6 – Homogeneous RXN
 Gas Phase: aA(g) + bB(g) cC(g) + dD(g)
k 𝑡 [C ] c [ D ]d Relationship between Kp & Kc:
KC= =
k 𝑛 [ A ]a [ B] b
K p  K C RT 
n

c d
kf P P C D
K P= = a b
kr P P A B
R = 0,082 [lit.atm/mol.K]

 Liquid phase: aA(l) + bB(l) cC(l) + dD(l)

k 𝑡 [C ] c [ D ]d Notes: If solvent is H2O in rxn, its
KC= =
k 𝑛 [ A ]a [ B] b concentration disappears in Kc equation
Chapter 6 – Heterogeneous RXN

CaCO3 (s) CaO (s) + CO2 (g) → ∆n = 1

→ KP =

Kc =
 Notes: Some following compounds will NOT appear in K equation
1.Pure solids;
2.Pure liquids;
3.Solvents (H2O, etc..)
40
Chapter 6 – The Reaction Quotient (Q)
The Reaction Quotient, Q, at the any time used to predict the
direction of chemical rxn determined the following expression:
aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD

[ ]
𝑐 𝑑
𝐶 𝐶
𝐶 𝐷
[A]: content of A at equilibrium state
𝑄= 𝑎 𝑏
𝐶 𝐶
𝐴 𝐵 𝜏 CA: content of A at the time τ

Q < Kc: continues in the forward rxn →

Q = Kc: reach equilibrium state (rf = rb)

Q > Kc: continues in the backward rxn ←

Chapter 6 – Relationship Between Keq and ∆G

 In Gas Phase:
𝑜 ∆𝑛
∆ 𝐺 =− 𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛 𝐾 𝑃
𝑇 𝐾 𝑃 =𝐾 𝐶 (𝑅𝑇 )

 In Liquid Phase:
𝑜
∆ 𝐺 =− 𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛 𝐾 𝐶
𝑇

 In Multiple Phases: R = 8,314 J/mol.K

𝑜 = 1,987 cal/mol.K
∆ 𝐺 =− 𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛𝐾
𝑇 = 0,082 L.atm/mol.K 42
Chapter 6 – The Equilibrium Shifts

 The main factors influence the Equilibrium Shift of reaction:

1. The change of concentration
2. The change of either pressure or volume (in gas-phase reactions)
3. The change of temperature

NOTEs: “Suất tăng mol giảm” → Apply for Pressure

“Tích tăng mol tăng” → Apply for Volume
“Tăng thu giảm tỏa” → Apply for Temperature
43
Chapter 6 – Practices
Q.1: Choose the correct statement. Determine the correct Kp expression of the

following reaction: Fe2O3 (s) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2Fe(s) + 3H2O(g)

A. B.
C. D.

Q.2: Choose the correct statement. Determine the correct K expression of the
following reaction : Ce4+(aq) + H2(g) ⇌ Ce3+(aq) + H+(aq)

A. B.
C. D.

44
Chapter 6 – Practices
Q.3: For rxn: 2A(dd) + B(dd) ⇌ C(dd) + 2D(dd) at the given conditions has Kc =

1500. A mixture has CA = CB = 10-3M, CC = CD = 0.01M. The state of the system

under this condition is as follows:
A. Shift to backward direction. B. Reach the equilibrium state
C. Shift to forward direction. D. CANNOT be predicted

Q.4: Consider rxn: NOCl (g) ⇌ NO (g) + 1/2Cl2 (g) . When a 1.31 gram NOCl
(M=65.5g/mol) is heated at 350oC in a volume of 1 liter, the percent dissociation is
found to be 50%. Calculate Kc for the above reaction:
A. 0.035 B. 0.071 C. 0.005 D. 0.1
45
Chapter 6 – Practices
Q.5: Choose the correct statement (s). For rxn: aA (ℓ) + bB (g) ⇌ cC (g) + dD (ℓ),
has the equilibrium constant Kc.

1) G = Go + RTlnKc, when G = 0 then Go = -RTlnKc.

2) Equilibrium constants Kc is calculated by the expression: , where CA, CB , CC

and CD are con. of substances at the time of consideration.

3) The reaction always have KP = KC(RT)n with n =nproducts-nreactants of all

substances regardless of their states of existence.

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. None of them
46
Chapter 6 – Practices
Q.6: A large equilibrium constant indicates that the reaction:
A. favors the formation of products.
B. has a small rate constant.
C. favors the formation of reactants.
D. has a large rate constant.

Q.7: If ∆G for a reaction is greater than zero, then __________.

A. The reaction quotient Q is less than the equilibrium constant.
B. The reaction quotient Q equals the equilibrium constant.
C. The reaction quotient Q is greater than zero.
D. The reaction quotient Q is greater than the equilibrium constant. 47
Chapter 6 – Practices

Q.8: Consider the following reaction and its equilibrium constant:

SO2g  NO2g ↔ SO3g  NOg Kc  0.33

A reaction mixture contains 0,41M SO2; 0,13M NO2; 0,11M SO3; 0,13M NO. Which
of the following statements is TRUE concerning this system?
A. The reaction will shift in the direction of the reactants.
B. The equilibrium constant will decrease.
C. The reaction will shift in the direction of the products.
D. The system is at equilibrium.

48
Chapter 6 – Practices
Q.9: The reaction PCl5 (g) ⇌ PCl3 (g) + Cl2 (g) at equilibrium has KC = 0.04 at 450oC.

Calculate KP for this reaction at the same temperature. Given R = 0.082

(ℓ×atm)/(mol×K).
A. 2.37 B. 1.48
C. 149.65 D. 240.44

Q.10: The reaction N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⇌ 2NH3 (g) has -32.9 kJ. Calculate KP for this
reaction at this temperature. Given R = 8.314 J/(mol×K).
A. Kp = 106.81 B. Kp = 105.57

C. Kp = 107.11 D. 2 Kp = 104.36
49
Chapter 6 – Practices
Q.11: Choose the correct statement. Consider reaction C(gr) + CO2 (g) ⇌ 2CO (g)

at 8150C has equilibrium constant Kp = 10. At equilibrium state, the total pressure of
system is P = 1atm. Calculate partial pressure of CO at equilibrium state.
A. 0.85 B. 0.72 C. 0.92 D. 0.68

Q.12: For the reaction A (aq) + B (aq) ⇌ C(aq) + D (aq), where the initial
concentration of each substance A, B, C, D is 1.5 mol/l. When equilibrium is
established, the concentration of C is 2 mol/l. The equilibrium constant KC of this
system is:

A. Kc = 1.5 B. Kc = 2 C. Kc = 0.25 D. Kc = 4
50
Chapter 6 – Practices
Q.13: Choose the correct statement. At a given temperature, reaction: S (s) + O2

(g) ⇌ SO2 (g) has KC = 4.2×1052. Calculate the equilibrium constant K’C of the

following reaction at the same temperature: SO2 (g) ⇌ S (s) + O2 (g).

A. 2.38 × 1053 B. 2.38 × 10-53 C. 4.2 × 1052 D. 4.2 × 10-52

Q.14: Given K1 and K2 are equilibrium constants of the below reactions, respectively:

(1) XeF6 (g) + H2O (g) ⇌ XeOF4 (g) + 2HF (g) (K1)

(2) XeO4 (g) + XeF6 (g) ⇌ XeOF4 (g) + XeO3F2 (g) (K2)

Determine equilibrium constant K3 of reaction (3):

(3)KXeO
A. 3 = K
4 1.K2 B. K3⇌= KXeO
(g) + 2 HF (g) F (g) +C.HK2O
1+K23 2
(g)
3 = K2-K1 D.
51
Chapter 6 – Practices
Q.15: At the determined temperature, The reaction: N2 (g) + 2O2 (g) ⇌ 2NO2 (g) has

Kp = 100. Calculate equilibrium constant K’ of the following reaction:

NO2 (g) ⇌ ½ N2 (g) + O2 (g).

A. K’ = 0.01 B. K’ = 0.1 C. K’ = 0.0001 D. K’ = 1

Q.16: Consider reaction: 3 H2(g) + N2(g) ⇌ 2 NH3(g) with equilibrium constant of Kp

= 5.9 ×105 at 298K, and ∆Ho = -92.2 kJ. Calculate equilibrium constant of Kp at 600K.
Hidden: ∆Ho and ∆So of this rxn mostly unchanged in the temperature range from
298 ÷ 600 K.
A. 4.2 × 10-3 B. 8.2 × 106 C. 5.6 × 105 D. 3.7 × 10-2
52
Chapter 6 – Practices

Q.17: Choose the correct statement. Consider rxn CuCl2(s) ⇌ CuCl(s) + ½Cl2(g) is

established at equilibrium state: 1. At 400K, the pressure of Cl2 is 18 mmHg;

2. At 600K the pressure of Cl2 is 310 mmHg.

So, the following reaction is the process of:
A. Endothermic. B. Exothermic. C. Adiabatic D. Isothermal.

Q.18: Choose the correct statement(s). For rxn: 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g);  < 0.

To obtain more the amount of SO3, which of the following solution is/are suitable?:

1. Decrease Temp. 2. Increase Pressure 3. Add O2.

A. Only 1 B. Only 2 C. 2 and 3 D. All of them
53
Chapter 6 – Practices
Q.19: Choose the correct statement(s). The below exothermic rxn reaches
equilibrium state: 2A (g) + B (g) ⇌ 4D (g). To shift in the forward direction to form
more the amount of products, which methods can be applied?
1) Increase Temp. 2) Add D substance 3) Decease the volume of reactor
4) Decrease Temp. 5) Add A substance 6) Increase the volume of reactor
A. 1, 3, 5 B. 4, 5, 6 C. 2, 3 D. 3

Q.20: Choose the correct statement. Consider the rxn: CO(g) + Cl2(g) ⇌

COCl2(g),  < 0 at equilibrium state. Which of the following changes will make
this rxn shift to forward direction:
A. Increase temperature B. Decrease pressure
C. Decrease reactor volume by compression D. Increase con. of COCl 54
Chapter 6 – Practices
Q.21: Which one of following reactions has the equilibrium shifted the most in
the forward direction when the temperature decreases and the overall pressure
increases simultaneously?
A. N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⇌ 2 NH3 (g) Ho  0
B. N2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2 NO (g) Ho  0
C. MgCO3 (s) ⇌ CO2 (g) + MgO (s) Ho  0
D. I2 (g) + H2 (g) ⇌ 2HI (g) Ho  0

Q.22: The reaction CaCO3(s) ⇌ CaO(s) + CO2(g) has > 0. Which of the
following factors will increase the reaction efficiency?
A. Increase temperature B. Increase pressure
C. Decrease temperature D. Increase con. of CO 55
Chapter 7 – Solution Concentrations
1. MASS PERCENTAGE
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑚 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝐶 ( % )= 𝑥 100= 𝑥 100
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

2. MOLALITY (Cm)
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒(𝑚𝑜𝑙)
𝐶𝑚=
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒔𝒐𝒗𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕

3. MOLARITY (CM)
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑚𝑜𝑙)
𝐶 𝑀=
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏(𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒓 ) 56
Chapter 7 – Solution Concentrations
4. EQUIVALENT CONCENTRATION (CN)
C N = nC M
Equivalent Principle: Calculate the unknown con. in
titration analysis (CN)
C 𝐴 𝑉 𝐴=C 𝐵 𝑉 𝐵 Calculate the volume of solution in
dilution process (CM or CN)
5. MOLAR FRACTION (Ni)
𝑡h
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 (𝑚𝑜𝑙) 𝑛𝑖
𝑁𝑖= =
∑ 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑚𝑜𝑙 ) 𝑛

∑ 𝑛𝑖 =1
𝑖
57
Chapter 7 – Saturated Solution
dilute
SOLUTE (r) + SOLVENT SOLUTION
crystallize

Amount Saturated
of
Solute
(g) in
100g
H 2O

 Any solutions can be formed either unsaturated or saturated

or supersaturated solutions by changing the temperature. 58
Chapter 7 – The Effect of ToC & P on Solubility
SOLID + SOLVENT ⇌ SOLUTION HSOL. > 0
HSOL. > 0, T↑ → Solubility increase
P mostly does NOT affect on the solubility of solid solutes

GAS + SOLVENT ⇌ SOLUTION HSOL < 0

HSOL < 0, T↑ → Solubility decrease
𝑆g↑
𝑘 𝐻= =𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 . P increase → Solubility of gas increase
𝑃g ↑
VAPOR PRESSURE OF SOLUTION (PSOLUTION < PPURE SOLVENT )
𝑃 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =𝑁 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 . 𝑃 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
 Chapter 7 – Psat. vapor, TboC, TfoC
Evaporation H > 0
Liquid Vapor
Condensation H < 0

Vapor formation on the liquid surface creates → P sat. vapor

Psat. vapor = Psurrounding → Boiling process occurs at TboC

∆ 𝑇 𝑏 =𝑇 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑇 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 =𝑘𝑏 𝐶 𝑚

∆ 𝑇 𝑓 =𝑇 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 −𝑇 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛=𝑘 𝑓 𝐶 𝑚
With: - Cm: molality concentration - kb: boiling-point const.; - kf: freezing-point const.;
 Chapter 7 – Osmosis & Reverse Osmosis

Osmosis is a movement
of SOLVENT from HIGH TO
LOW SOLVENT
CONCENTRATION via
osmosis membrane

High Low Osmosis pressure:

concentration concentration

SOLVENT
Equilibrium
State   C M RT
61
Chapter 7 – Practices
Q.1: Calculate the required volume of 4M HCl sol. to make 1 liter of 0.5M HCl sol.
A. 0.0125 liter B. 0.125 liter C. 0.875 liter D. 12.5 liter

Q.2: Calculate the required volume of 0.5M H2SO4 to make 1 liter of H2SO4 solution
with pH = 1 (consider H2SO4 is strong electrolyte solution):
A. 0.125 liter B. 0.25 liter C. 0.5 liter D. 0.1 liter
Q.3: Choose the correct statement(s). The 0,5M NaCl solution has density d =
1,02 g/ml, and MNaCl = 58,5 g/mol, we have:
(1) Percent concentration of NaCl solution is C% = 2,87%;
(2) Molar fraction of NaCl solute in solution is NNaCl = 0,009;
(3) Molality concentration of NaCl solution is Cm = 0,505 m
A. Only 1, 3 B. Only 1, 2 C. Only 3 D. All of them 62
Chapter 7 – Practices
Q.4: The vapor pressure of a solution containing a nonvolatile solute is directly
proportional to the __________.
A. mole fraction of solvent.
B. molality of the solvent.
C. osmotic pressure of the solute.
D. molarity of the solvent

Q.5: Which substance would have the highest solubility in benzene, C6H6?

A. H2O

B. CH3OH (methyl alcohol)

C. HCl
63
Chapter 7 – Practices
Q.6: Solubility curves of several substances are given the below graph. A sample
of K2Cr2O7 (15.0 g) is dissolved in 150 g of water at 70°C with precautions
taken to avoid evaporation of any water. The solution is cooled to 30°C and no
precipitate is observed. This solution is ________.

A. supersaturated
B. supercritical
C. saturated
D. unsaturated

64
Chapter 7 – Practices
Q.7: Solid ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, product-favoredly dissolves in water at
room temperature and the process causes the solution to become quite cold.
Which of the following is TRUE about the dissolution of NH4NO3?
A. The solubility will be greater in warmer water.
B. The process is exothermic.
C. ΔSo for the dissolution is negative.
D. All solutions of NH4NO3 are supersaturated.

Q.8: Choose the correct statement. In boiling process of a dilute solution with
nonvolatile solute, the temperature of solution will:
A. Gradually increase B. Gradually reduce C. unchange D. Not predict
65
Chapter 7 – Practices
Q.9: Choose the correct statement(s). When the surrounding pressure unchanges,
and solute concentration (nonvolatile and non electrolyte) in solution increases, then:

1) Increase a boiling point of solution. 2) Increase a osmosis pressure of solution.

3) Increase a freezing point of solution. 4) Increase saturated vapor pressure of sol.
A. Only 1,2,3 B. Only 3,4 C. All of them D. Only 1,2

Q.10: Calculate the vapor pressure lowering of C6H12O6 saturated solution at 20oC,

with its solubility of S = 200,0 g/100 ml H2O and the saturated vapor pressure of

water PH2O = 23,76 mmHg.

A. 19.79 mm Hg B. 3.97 mmHg C. 3.79 mmHg D. 1.73 mmHg
66
Chapter 7 – Practices

Q.11: Calculate molar mass of substance A when diluting 1gram of this substance
into 100 ml H2O, the boiling point of solution increases 0.128oC, kb,H2O of 0.51oC/mol.

A. 20 g/mol B. 56 g/mol C. 40 g/mol D. 74 g/mol

Q.12: When 1.15 grams of an unknown nonelectrolyte dissolves in 10.0 grams of

water, the solution freezes at -2.16°C. What is the molecular weight of the unknown
compound? Kf for water = 1.86°C/m.
A. 89 g/mol B. 116 g/mol C. 74 g/mol D. 99 g/mol

67
Chapter 7 – Practices
Q.13: How many gram of ethylene glycol, C2H6O2, (M = 62 g/mol) are required

to dissolve in 6 kg of H2O to decrease the freezing temperature of H2O to -6oC?

Kf for water = 1.86°C/m

A. 1000 g B. 1200 g C. 1100 g D. 13000 g

Q.14: Choose the correct statement. Dissolve 10g of each nonvolatile substance:
C6H12O6, C12H22O11, C3H8O3 in 1 kg H2O. Arrange these above solutions in the
order of increasing the boiling point:
A. C12H22O11 < C3H8O3 < C6H12O6 B. C6H12O6 < C3H8O3 < C12H22O11

C. C3H8O3 < C6H12O6 < C12H22O11 D. C12H22O11 < C6H12O6 < C3H8O3 68
Chapter 7 – Practices
Q. 15. Choose the incorrect statement about osmotic pressure:
A. Osmosis is the movement of a solute from high to low solute concentration.
B. The osmotic pressure is proportional to temperature.
C. As solvent moves across the membrane, the fluid levels become uneven.
D. Osmotic pressure is the pressure required to stop osmosis.

Q.16: Calculate molar mass of nonelectrolyte substance A when diluting 1 gram this
substance into 1 liter H2O, the osmotic pressure of solution of π = 0,436 atm at 250C.

A. 28 g/mol B. 65 g/mol C. 40 g/mol D. 56 g/mol

69
70