Activity: Pic to Word

Instruction: Unlock the science that deals with energy changes. Below are two groups of
pictures which you have to analyze and combine their names/associated word to form
the branch of science that you have to decode. After getting the correct words, write a
short comparison of its purpose below.

Answers:
Thermodynamics
Thermochemistry

Apply What You Learned!

Instructions: Solve the following problems and show your complete solutions.

1. First law of thermodynamics

The work done when a gas is compressed in a cylinder is 462 J. During this
process, there is a heat transfer of 128 J from the gas to the surroundings. Calculate
the energy for this process.

ΔU = Q - W
ΔU = 128 J - 462 J
ΔU = +334 J
The resulting internal energy of a gas is an increase of 334J

2. Enthalpy of Reaction
Calculate the standard enthalpy change, ∆H⁰, for the following reaction:
2CH3OH(l) + 3O2(g) 🡪 2CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)
Given: CH3OH(l) ∆H⁰f = -238.7 kJ/mol
CO2(g) ∆H⁰f = -393.5 kJ/mol
H2O(l) ∆H⁰f = -285.8 kJ/mol

Solution: ∆H0 = ∑n∆H0f (products) – ∑n∆H0f (reactants)

∆H⁰ = [(2 ( ∆H⁰f(CO2))) + (4 ( ∆H⁰f(H2O)))]
- [(2 ( ∆H⁰f(CH3OH))) + (3 ( ∆H⁰f(O2)))]

∆H⁰ = [2 × (-393.5 kJ/mol) + 4 × (-285.8 kJ/mol)] - [2 × (-238.7 kJ/mol) + 3 × 0

kJ/mol] (since the ∆H⁰f for O2 is defined as zero)
 ∆H⁰ = [-787 kJ + (-1143.2 kJ)] - [-477.4 kJ]

∆H⁰ = -1930.2 kJ + 477.4 kJ

∆H⁰ = -1452.8 kJ - the standard enthalpy of change is 1452.8 kJ

3. Hess’s Law

a. We can think of the reaction of carbon with oxygen to form carbon dioxide as
occurring either directly or by a two-step process. The direct process is written: C(s) +
O2(g) ⟶ CO2(g) ΔH° = −394 kJ

Calculate the enthalpy change of reaction (∆H⁰)

We can assume that

First step: C(s) + 1 2 O2 (g) ⟶ CO(g)

Second step: CO(g) + 1 2 O2 (g) ⟶ CO2 (g)
Sum of both steps: C(s) + 1 2 O2 (g) + CO(g) + 1 2 O2 (g) ⟶ CO(g) + CO2 (g)

C(s) + O2 (g) ⟶ CO2 (g) is the final process since CO was used

C(s) + 1/2 O2 (g) ⟶ CO(g) ΔH = −111 kJ

CO(g) + 1/2 O2 (g) ⟶ CO2 (g) ΔH = −283 kJ
C(s) + O2 (g) ⟶ CO2 (g) ΔH ° = −394 kJ

b. Given the following thermochemical equations and corresponding enthalpy change for each
reaction, calculate the heat of combustion of acetylene gas, C2H2.
Given: (a) 2C(graphite) + H2(g) 🡪 C2H2(g) ΔH° = + 226.7 kJ
(b) C(graphite) + O2(g) 🡪 CO2(g) ΔH° = - 393.5 kJ
(c) H2(g) + ½O2 🡪 H2O(l) ΔH° = - 285.8 kJ
The equation for the reaction of acetylene is:
C2H2(g) + 2 ½ O2(g) 🡪 2CO2(g) + H2O(l)

∆Hcomb = (2(∆HCO2 + ∆HH2O)) - (∆HC2H2) = (2((-393.5) + (-285.8))) -

(226.7) = -1299.5 kJ
Instruction: Answer the following questions briefly through your own words.

1. Why is the energy change during a chemical reaction significant?

- It is significant because it is the primary indicator of an exothermic

and endothermic reaction, which is often overlooked but actually
impacts the feasibility of conducting such reactions. For example,
an exothermic reaction will release energy, which oftentimes
manifests through heat—-a possible danger. It also has an impact
on the spontaneity of a reaction, which would be determined by
the Gibbs free energy.

2. How do you distinguish exothermic from endothermic reactions?

- To put it simply, exothermic reactions release energy in the form of

heat, and their products have lower energy than their reactants,
while endothermic reactions absorb energy from their surroundings,
typically in the form of heat. Their products have higher energy than
their reactants, and they often lead to a decrease in temperature.

3. What does the first law of thermodynamics mean?

- The law of conservation of energy states that the energy of an

isolated system cannot be created or destroyed but instead can
change forms. It implies that as long as a system remains closed, the
energy will stay the same, and any change in the system's internal
energy is equal to the heat added to the system minus the work
done by the system on its surroundings.
-
4. How do you calculate the change in enthalpy of a given reaction?
- Use the equation ΔH = H(products) - H(reactants)
- Since Enthalpy is a state function, meaning it depends only on the
initial and final states of the system and is independent of the path
taken between those states.

5. Explain Hess’s Law.

- Enthalpy change for a chemical reaction is the same, regardless of
whether the reaction occurs in one step or multiple steps.