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 Table of content

01 02 03 04 05 06
Focal length Shutter speed Aperture ISO Exposure Composition
Focal length

◦ Often printed on the lens, or the name of the lens(18-55, 15-45, 16-80,35, 50,
…)
◦ Angle of view
◦ The longer the focal length, the narrower the angle of view and the higher the
magnification. The shorter the focal length, the wider the angle of view and the
lower the magnification.
◦ The difference
between
focal lengths.
10mm
15mm, fisheye
36mm
42mm
83mm
83mm
83mm
200mm
Author: Siga
200mm. Author: Siga
200mm, author Siga
Focal length

◦ On the surface, just think focal point as how much zoomed in the
image is.
◦ For portrait, the effect is much more significant.
Focal length
Focal lentgh
Focal lentght Type of lens What is it used for

4-14mm Fisheye Abstract, creative

14-35mm Wide angle Landscape, architecture

35-85mm Standard Street, travel, portrait

35-50mm Standard Portrait

85-135mm Short telephoto Street photography and portraits

135mm+ Medium telephoto Sports, wildlife, action

300mm+ Super telephoto Sports from a distance, nature and astronomy

Focal lentgh

◦ Above mentioned focal lengths are for full frame cameras.

◦ For crop camera, multiply with crop factor
◦ 1.5 for Fuji, Sony APS-C
◦ 1.3 for Canon APS-H
◦ 0.79 for medium format like Fuji GFX
Focal length
◦ Zoom or fix lens for beginner
◦ Zoom(Fuji 18-55, Sony 15-85,…)
Suggested for:
◦ Beginners who want to try various aperture
◦ Work that require flexibility (events shooting, natural shooting)
◦ Fix
Suggested for:
◦ Who really wants to improve their photography skills
◦ Get accustomed to a fix aperture, easier to imagine the result before shooting
Shuttle speed

◦ It's the speed at which the shutter of the camera closes.

◦ A fast shutter speed: less light, freezes motion, sharp image, capture
faster object,.
◦ A slow shutter speed: more light, blur fast motion, gives a sense of
speed.
Fast vs Slow
30 minutes, author Siga
61 sec
1/180s
1/300s
1/2000s
Author: Siga
1/2000s
1/3200
Shuttle speed

◦ When hand-holding, generally the shutter speed should be always

greater than the focal length of the lens.
◦ 200mm->1/200s
◦ 50mm->1/50s
◦ To eliminate any shaking from hands, from pushing buttons.
Shutter speed
◦ 1/2000 sec: Use to capture birds in flight

◦ 1/1000 sec: Good for photographing faster sports action, flying balls.

◦ 1/500 sec: Capture faster movement like kicking, punching, or freezing the motion of a moving car

◦ 1/250 sec: Anytime you have people moving, jumping and dancing, this will help stop the action.

◦ 1/125 sec: For portraits, this is a good rule of thumb in order to avoid blurred images

◦ 1/100 sec: Keeping your camera above this speed helps to avoid any camera shake

◦ 1/60 sec: Once you start using 1/60 or less it’s time to get out and use the tripod

◦ 1/20 sec: You can use this speed to blur water or people walking

◦ 1-3 seconds: Creating blur and smoothing out moving water and waterfalls

◦ 21-30 seconds: This is where you can start in order to capture the night sky with stars

◦ 10 minutes: To create star trails this is the baseline exposure time.

Aperture

◦ How large is the lens open

◦ Lower aperture, larger the lens is open, receive
more light, shallower depth of field
◦ Lower aperture, smaller the lens is open,
receive less light, deeper depth of field
F2
F2.2
F2.5
F2.8
F3.2
F3.6
F4
F4.5
F5
F5.6
F6.4
F7.1
F8
F9
F10
F11
Aperture

◦ <f1.4: Only the eyes are clear

◦ f2: Only the face are clear
◦ >f7: More than 1 people
◦ >f11: For a group of people
Iso
◦ The camera’s sensitivity to light.
◦ Higher the number, more exposure, more noise
◦ Lower the number, less exposure, shaper image.
◦ Best to keep it as low as possible, provided the acceptable exposure
◦ Least impact on the creativity of the picture.
◦ Depends on how good the camera is.
◦ Fuji XT-20: 3200 acceptable
◦ Fuji XT3: 4000 acceptable
◦ Canon 1DX: 5600 acceptable
Exposure
Exposure value(EV)
◦ On the camera
◦ The average light received on the image
◦ Divided into 1/3

1 stop

1/3 stop
 Exposure
Aperture Shutter speed Iso
• Each step equals a 2.0 100 200
change of 1/3 stop of 2.2 125 250 1/3 stop
exposure 2.5 160 320
• Three step equals a
2.8 180 400
change of 1 stop of 1 stop
3.2 200 500
exposure
3.6 250 640
4.0 320 800
4.5 400 1000
5.0 500 1250
5.6 640 1600
6.4 800 2000
7.1 1000 2500
8.0 1250 3200
 Exposure Time: 0.001s (1/1000)
Aperture Number: f/2.0
ISO Speed: 320

Exposure Time: 0.001s (1/1000)

Aperture Number: f/2.2
ISO Speed: 400

• Higher aperture number means less

light
• So to have the same exposure, increase
iso
Exposure Time: 0.001s (1/1000)
Aperture Number: f/2.5
ISO Speed: 640

Exposure Time: 0.001s (1/1000)

Aperture Number: f/7.1
ISO Speed: 3200

• Higher aperture number means less

light
• So to have the same exposure, increase
iso
 Aperture Shutter speed Iso
Exposure Time: 0.001s (1/1000) 3.6 100 200
Aperture Number: f/7.1 4.0 125 250
ISO Speed: 3200 4.5 160 320
5.0 180 400
5.6 200 500
6.4 250 640
7.1 320 800
8.0 400 1000
9.0 500 1250
10 640 1600
Exposure Time: 0.002s (1/400) 11 800 2000
Aperture Number: f/11.0 13 1000 2500

ISO Speed: 3200 14 1250 3200

• When iso reach the highest acceptable

iso(3200 for xt20), we can lower the
shutter speed to compensate for
exposure if we want an even higher
aperture number.
Thought process
◦ Personally, generally speaking • Finally, how much exposure
• Appear dark, serious, cool
◦ First, what and where are you gonna shoot?
• Bright, happy
◦ Standing people, slow moving people
 Set ISO-> Reconsider speed->Reconsider aperture
◦ Landscape
 ISO is often considered last.
◦ Running people
◦ Sports  Mostly, set auto ISO

◦ Animal, nature
◦ Bright, dim or dark place
 Choose focal length->Shutter speed range
(Before going out)

• Secondly, how creative do you want the image to look?

• Blurred motion or not
• How much blurred background, foreground
• How much bokeh
 Reconsider shutter speed->Aperture
• For events or news shooting, it is enough to use standard exposure(EV 0)
• But it can appear flat, no interesting.
• Sometime we will want to use brighter
exposure
• For this image, chủ thể nằm trong vùng tối,
ngược sáng, nên để có thế nhìn thấy dc chủ
thể bắt buộc phải tăng exposure lên(EV +2)
• This is a heavily edited image
• Under exposed image can also create a
sense of drama, cool.
 Compostition
◦ This is not a good picture, despite
being focused, well exposed.
◦ Viewer don’t know where to look
first, what is the main subject,
what is the background.
Compared to other pictures:
1
This picture, for example:
• Viewers tend to see the bright sky
first
• Then the see with boats
• Then the human

2
3
 1

2
3
 2

1
Author: Siga

2
Author: Siga

1
Composition
◦ The main difference is in the use of composition.
◦ Successful composition engages the viewer's eye and keeps it in the image by guiding its
subliminal yet effective use of line, shape, scale, space, and balance.
◦ Common compositions:
◦ Rule of third
◦ Golden ration
◦ Center and symmetry
◦ Leading lines
◦ Frame within frame
◦ Negative space
 Rule of thirds
-Most common
-Easiest to use
-Intersect points
are the strongest
-The lines are
second strongest
Author: Lê Minh Hưng
Author: Siga
Can be used
to divide
different
parts of the
image

For this image:

The sky is in the
two higher third of
the image while
the sea, boats and
the woman is in
the lower third
 Sky

Mountain

City and river

 Sky

Village
Mountain

River
Golden ration
-Used the same as
the rule of thirds
Hoàng An
Golden spiral
Center and
Symmetry
-Require symmetric or
near-symmetric objects
-Give a sense of scale, significance
Author:
Lê Minh Hưng
Author: Siga
◦ Symmetry can also be about
the placement of
bjects
Leading lines

◦ Use natural lines

in the environment
◦ To lead the eyes
directly to the object
Frame within frame

◦ Use natural frames like

doors, windows to frame the object
◦ Isolate the subject
◦ A sense of calmness or loneliness (personally)
Author:
Việt
Tịp
Negative space

◦ Use black or, less detailed, out of focus area

◦ Further isolate the subject
Author:
Hoàng An
Bright and less detailed area can also be used
Combine ‘em
Hoàng An
Further techniques
◦ Góc chụp

◦ Khi nào nên crop, crop như thế nào

◦ Crop người như nào cho đúng

◦ Foreground, background

◦ Scale

◦ Editing
◦ Field-specific techniques:
◦ Light set up in studio shooting(portrait hoặc sản phẩm)
◦ Objects set up in chụp sản phẩm
◦ Chụp tốc độ cao và xa như trong chụp ảnh thiên nhiên và thể thao
◦ Chụp macro
◦ Chụp thiên văn
Final words
◦ This is the guideline to get comfortable, not rule, break the mold if you can
◦ All these sound technical, but if you try enough, you will get a hang of them in no time
◦ Thử nghiệm để tìm ra mình thích cái gì
◦ Chăm chỉ đi chụp để hiểu máy, điểm mạnh, điểm yếu
◦ Không ngại hỏi
◦ Kiên nhẫn
◦ Perfection is the enemy of progress.
◦ Have fun, photography is an art
◦ Photography makes me see the simple and subtle beauty of the world around me, makes me
appreciate life, the people, the landscape more.
Thank You