METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING

PART 2
 A PPT FOR
 INTRO TO PHILOSOPHY-GRADE12

 JUNE M. HERRERA
 Teacher
 Methods
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Philosophizing
 Methods
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 Methods
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Philosophizing
 Methods
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Philosophizing
 Methods
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 Methods
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Philosophizing
 Methods
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 Methods
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 Methods of
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 Methods of
Philosophizing
ARGUMENT
It is a set of statements which includes the premises
and conclusion (the latter is the one that claims the
truth of the premises)
An argument is a group of statements that serve to
support a conclusion.
 So if someone says,
“There is no hope in the Philippine government”
 This is not yet an argument. It is an expression of an opinion.
If the person wants to convince another person that
his opinion is true, then he must provide reasons to
support this claim.
So an argument would look like this.

“There is no hope in the Philippine government

because many officials are corrupt, and Filipino
voters continue to elect them.”
FALLACIES
arguments that are erroneous or
based from faulty reasoning
are a group of statements that appear
to be arguments, but fail to support
the conclusion.
Argumentum ad Hominem (Argument against the
Person)
 This is a fallacy used when people convince others that
someone’s argument should be rejected because of the personal
background-his history, nationalityrace, socio-economic status,
family, associations, religion, and other circumstances. This
argument is considered fallacious because the rightness or
wrongness of a claim should not be affected by the background
of the person claiming it.
Argumentum ad Baculum (Appeal to
force) This is an argument used by
people who want to win a conflict by
issuing threats to their opponents.
Argumentum ad Misericordiam
(Appeal to pity) This fallacy is also called appeal
to emotion. It is an argument used by people who
want
to win people over by manipulating their
emotions. This is a favorite tactic of politicians
during campaign periods.
Argumentum ad Populum (Bandwagon fallacy)
This fallacious argument is a favorite
marketing strategy by advertising agencies. It
is used by appealing to the popular sentiment
of the public. If they want their product to
sell, they will get the most popular
personalities to model their product. This
results to fans and avid followers of those
personalities buying the product.
Common Biases
 Methods of Major Proponent How can you find Application in real life
Philosophizing truth using this
method?
Ans. Key
COMMON BIASES
 METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING

1.Dialectic Method
Proponent: Socrates, George Hegel
IDEA:
The method starts with eliciting the definition of a
certain word from a person who appears to be familiar
(or “pretends” to be familiar) with its
meaning. Socrates then points out the
imperfections of the understanding of the person through
a series of questions. What Socrates desires is for the
person to realize his ignorance and contradictions, and
thereby correcting his own mistakes and arriving at a
complete knowledge of the true meaning of the word.
Hegel also believed that the Spirit is constantly changing
and evolving. According to Hegel, the spirit changes
through dialectic. First, there is an idea about the world
(much like a thesis), which has a natural characteristic of
having errors which give rise to the antithesis. The thesis
and antithesis can be eventually resolved by creating a To Hegel, society and culture follow this design, and one could
synthesis which is a new idea comprised of the understand all of human history without the use of logic or
essentials of both the thesis and the antithesis empirical data simply by using logic.
2.Pragmatic Method
Proponent: Pierce, Dewey
Idea:
According to the pragmatists, philosophy seems to offer a set of
beliefs about human beings and his relationship to the world.
Pragmatists offer no such beliefs. Rather,
they seek to make philosophy relevant by solving real life
problems. It is purely a philosophy of method and not of
substance.
3. The Phenomenological Method
Proponent: Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre
Idea:
Science brings a certain attitude which is counterproductive to
the human soul: the
naturalistic attitude (or simply naturalism).
Naturalism is the idea that everything can be explained in terms
of matter or the physical. Since man is not only physical (i.e.
body) but also spiritual, this naturalistic attitude brings a
distorted view of man by
banishing the spiritual from the world which includes the
banishment of
ideas, values, and cultures
4.The Primary and Secondary reflections
Proponent: Søren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche,
Marcel
Idea:
For Marcel, reflection is not just a disinterested look at experience.
It emerged when something valuable is at stake.
The result of secondary reflection is a more expansive view of the
self until it embraces the world. Thus, the separation of the self and
the world brought about by primary reflection were united by the
secondary reflection
The Analytic Method
Proponent: Moore, Russell, Wittgenstein
Idea:
Wittgenstein said that ‘the object of philosophy is the logical
clarification of thought’ so that ‘the result of philosophy is not a
number of philosophical propositions, but to make propositions
clear”
Wittgenstein wants is to analyze language in the way actual people
used it in ordinary situations and not to construct an ideal language
based on logic and mathematics.
 Man as an Embodied Spirit
MAN-By definition, it is generally and commonly define to represent the entire human race.
HUMAN- term used to refer for various classifications and species. For
a living man, human is under the classification of Mammalia. used to refer for various
classifications and species HUMAN BEING- term used to separate man from other Human Classifications
like animals.
PERSON-refers to an individual who possess self-awareness, self-determination, rational
mind, and the capacity to interact with other and with himself/herself.
PERSONHOOD- general term refers to the state of being a person with unique, sacred and
ethical status within him/herself.
HUMAN NATURE- general term refers to the deepest and natural behavior of a person
that distinguish human from animals. A collective traits that formed and considered
the very essence of humanity. Nobody can be considered man without human nature
. why individual rights are absolute.
A human person is typically with a body which is tangible and has a three components composed of
SOUL, MIND and SPIRIT. Also, he or she is entitled and granted rights and
privileges by the state which he or she legally belong
There are two general kinds to distinguish a human person: The Cognitive Self
and the Physical Self. The Cognitive Self (something within and cannot be physically seen) is the essential
components of a human persons that deals with THE WHAT OF A PERSON which includes human
persons’ belief, desire, dreams, and intentions. The other is one is the Physical Self (something can be
seen in his/her physical appearance) which deals with the essential features of the human way of life or
THE WHO OF A PERSON which includes his/her body type, strength and appearances..
Embodied spirit is an animating core living within each of us. It is known to be the driving force behind
what we actually think, do and say. It is indeed the reflections of our total being by which our sensations
lead to our human feelings, emotions and decision
As a human to embodied
The usual and known connotation that comes to our mind when we hear the word “embodied” is always
materialized or became flesh (with physical form). Thus, when we say “embodied spirit”, we normally
believed and conclude of a spirit becoming flesh. In the context and views of Christian philosophy, the
embodiment of the spirit particularly refers to the inseparable union of human body and soul .
.
.
As an embodied spirit human beings demonstrate these following qualities (Abella, 2016):
1.“Self- awareness refers to person having a clear perception of oneself, including his or her
thoughts, emotions, identity, and actions (Abella, 2016).” It is the ability of one’s consciousness
to look inward thus discovering the presence of a self.
2.A human person is able to connect and interact with another person, an animal or an
inanimate object. We call this externality.
We are not determined by others. Because we have interiority; we can direct the course of our
own life. This is what we call self-determination which is “the capability of persons to make
choices and decisions based on their own preferences, monitor and regulate their actions, and
be goal oriented and self-directed” (Abella 2016) Thus human beings are free
3.Finally a human person has an inherent value and importance. This is what we call dignity.
That is why no amount of money can equal the value of a human life. This is also the reason
TRANSCENDENCE
This power is your ability to surpass your limits.
You are able to transcend your limit through your physical and mental abilities.
The Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Paths. of Buddhism
1.Right view- a correct understanding of the nature of things, specifically the Four Noble Truths;
2.Right intention, eliminating thoughts of attachment, detestation, and harmful intent;
3.Right speech, abstaining from verbal offenses such as lying, divisive speech, unforgiving
speech, and irrational speech;
4. Right action, refraining from physical offenses such as murdering, thieving, and sexual
misbehavior;
5. Right livelihood, evading trades that directly or indirectly damage others, such as trading
slaves, weapons, animals for butchery, intoxicants, or poisons;
6. Right effort, forsaking undesirable states of mind that have already arisen, preventing
undesirable states that have yet to arise, and sustaining positive states that have already
arisen;
7. Right concentration, single-mindedness;
8. Right mindfulness, consciousness of body, feelings, thought, and phenomena
7. Right concentration, single-mindedness;
8. Right mindfulness, consciousness of body, feelings, thought, and phenomena.

3 Views of Philosophical Environment

III. Sustainable Development
“Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
(World Commission on Environment and Development)
 Your Hometask

V. PRUDENCE AND FRUGALITY

Prudence is the capacity to direct and discipline one’s activities and behavior
using reason. It is the behavior that is cautious and, as much as possible,
keeps away from any risks. Prudence is considered as the first and most vital
among the four cardinal virtues, which include justice, fortitude, and
temperance.
Frugality is the quality of being thrifty. It is the careful supervision of one’s
resources. It is about the cautious management of material resources, especially
money.
One of the main benefits of being a frugal person is that it is environmentally
friendly. When someone is being frugal in using natural resources like electricity
and water, this person is putting lesser damage on our natural environment.
Furthermore, a frugal person usually lives out the idea of “reduce, reuse,
recycle” just to minimize expenses..