PHILO reviewer

PHILOSOPHY AS A "SPECULATION OR SPECULATIVE THINKING" (SPECULA - WATCH

TOWER) - It implies a vision above that of an ordinary person. Encouraging you to see
the bigger picture (or the bird's eye view)
PHILOSOPHY AS A "CRITICAL THINKING OR ANALYSIS" (CRITICIZE JUDGE OR ANALYZE) -
evaluates any and all principles and premises that may be gained through speculation.
A. LOGICAL - statement is reduced to its simplest form.
B. LINGUISTIC - requires a clear definition of words to avoid ambiguity or vagueness and
therefore ensures clarity of claims.
PHILOSOPHY AS A "REFLECTIVE INQUIRY" - Reflective thought is better experienced in
interaction with others and aims at change happening not only for the person involved
but eventually for others and the society.
THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN EMBODIED SPIRIT - Human Person refers to the individual
and all his attributes and characteristics that set him or her apart from other human
beings.
SENTIENCE - feel it is the ability to and experience and perceive things
ARISTOTLE'S CONCEPT OF MAN - connotes two meanings: A. AS A BRIDGE B. AS A WALL.
HE FOUR ORDERS OF THINGS IN THIS WORLD WHICH ARE:
A. NON-LIVING BODIES
B. PLANTS
C. ANIMALS
D. MEN.
HYLOMORPHIC DOCTRINE
a. hyle which means "MATTER"; and
b. morphe which means "FORMS"'
RATIONAL SOUL - Aristotle ranked this as the highest for it takes responsibility over the
vegetative souls.
SENSITIVE SOUL - It feeds self, it grows, it reproduces and it has feelings.
VEGETATIVE SOUL - It is capable of feeding, growing, and reproducing itself.
TRANSENDENCE - The purpose and aim of self-information is to make each person
become what God wants to be.
TRANS – beyond SCANDARE – to climb
HINDUISM - is an Indian religion or dharma, religious and universal order or way of life
by which followers abide.
3 MAJOR GODS in Hinduism; BRAHMAN, VISHNU, AND SHIVA.

8FOLD PATH: RIGHT VIEW, INTENTIONS, SPEECH, ACTION, LIVELIHOOD, EFFORT,

CONCENTRATION, MINDFULNESS.
CHRISTIANITY - It holds that there are 3 aspects of personal unity which is made up of 1)
Body, 2) Mind, and 3) Soul. The body serves as the host and in return, the soul moves it
with the assistance of the mind.
-HUMAN LIMITATIONS: 1) physical, 2) Immaterial and, 3) Free possibility of
transcendence.
PHYSICAL REALITY HAS TWO LIMITATIONS WHICH ARE:
A. NATURAL LIMITATIONS
B. SOCIAL LIMITATIONS
MAN'S DESTINY IS TO LIVE IN TWO WORLDS:
A. THE SPIRITUAL
B. THE PHYSICAL WORLDS

FACTORS TO CONDISER
FORGIVENESS - this frees us from anger and bitterness. The hardness of the heart is
reinforced by a whole series of rational arguments.
THE BEAUTY OF NATURE - there is perfection even in simple things like flowers and
grains of seed.
VULNERABILITY - if you are not vulnerable, you are not human Being vulnerable shows
we are human and to fail to acknowledge that we need the help of others is to live life
without meaning and directing.
FAILURE - it makes us confront our individual weaknesses and limitations.
LONELINESS - this can be rooted in our sense of vulnerability and awareness of our
limitations.
LOVE - to love is to experience richness, positivity, and transcendence.
APPROCHES
THE PUSH APPROACH - This result from the limitations that we are aware of. Limitations
that we personally know.
THE PULL APPROACH - This call us to turn away from ourselves and embrace some
higher possibilities.

CONCEPTS
THE CONCEPT OF DREAD - In this concept, man is believed to have been simply thrown
into the world and is left alone to face what he can do because he did not will or choose.
THE CONCEPT OF BEING-OTHERS RELATED - Man has to establish a relationship with
others in this world.
THE CONCEPT OF CONCERN - A human person's relatedness to entities is basically the
things that he encounters in this world. He always seeks approval and wish to be
together with others.
THE CONCEPT OF GUILT-FEEIING - In philosophy, guilt-feeling is something that is lacking
or missing in a person, as such a human person is a guilty creature.
THE CONCEPT OF CONSCIENCE - This plays a primary role in recovering from being "lost
or fallen" in this world.
THE CONCEPT OF RESOLUTENESS - Resoluteness is man's readiness to be called by his
conscience.
THE CONCEPT OF TEMPORALITY - This imposes limits to the human body which is
temporal.
THE CONCEPT OF DEATH - In man's temporal existence, one will find death at the end.

BELIEF - as defined by the Oxford Dictionary, refers to the acceptance that a statement is
true or that something exists.
TRUTH - is an accepted statement. It agrees with facts and reality. Truth needs to be
supported by factual evidence.
CORRESPONDENCE THEORY OF TRUTH - states that the key to truth is the relation (or
correspondence) between propositions and the world.
COHERENCE THEORY OF TRUTH - states that the truth of any (true) proposition consists
in its coherence with some specified set of propositions (or significant wholes).
PRAGMATIC THEORY OF TRUTH - It holds that a proposition is true if it is useful to
believe it. Thus, utility is the essential mark of truth.
HUMAN PERSON - defines human being as "a man, woman, or child of the species
Homo sapiens, distinguished from other animals by superior mental development,
power of articulate speech, and upright stance.
THREE ASPECTS OF HUMAN NATURE – SOMATIC, BEHAVIORAL, ATTITUDINAL
HUMAN PERSON AS AN IMMORTAL SOUL - One important theory on human nature is
the claim that the human person has a soul.
HUMAN PERSON AS COMPOSITE OF THE BODY AND SOUL - In order to understand this
relation between the soul and the body, Aristotle distinguished three kinds of substance:
matter, shape or form, and the product of both (composite of form and matter).
HUMAN PERSON AS A THINKING THING (DESCARTES) - asserted that the mind is a
thinking thing-distinct and extended and that the body is a non-thinking thing-distinct
and extended; and that his reality is how Instinct he is from the body, and he can exist
without it.