WELCOME

DR. ANTHONY JOHN D.

ELLORIN
TOPICS TO BE REFRESHED
● Meaning, process of Doing Philosophy
● Methods of Philosophizing
● Human Person as an Embodied spirit
● Human Person and Environment
● Human Person and Freedom
● Intersubjectivity
● Human Person and Society
● Human Person Towards Impending Death.
 FIRST DAY
● Meaning, process of Doing
Philosophy
● Methods of Philosophizing
● Human Person as an Embodied
spirit
WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?
The word philosophy comes from two Greek
words: philos (love) and sophia (wisdom). The
ancient Greeks used this term to refer to “love of
wisdom” and they soon applied it to the study or
discipline that uses human reason to investigate the
ultimate causes, reasons, and principles which
govern all things.
 Thales of
Miletus
CONSIDERED THE FATHER
OF PHILOSOPHY
CHARACTERISTIC OF PHILOSOPHY
● FRAMEWORK: a way of thinking about the world
is composed of views and beliefs of a person.
● Examination of knowledge: It addresses different
specializations and nature of knowledge.
● Discipline: Philosophy is a distinct area of
knowledge, it has own goal, concern and way of
doing things.
BRANCHES PHILOSOPHY
Epistemology
“ study of Knowledge”
Example: what is the nature
of knowledge? Origin of
knowledge
Sources : Rationalism and
Empiricism
Metaphysics
“ study beyond reality”
Example: What is your
purpose of existence? Does
God exist?

LOGIC
“An art of correct reasoning”
Example:
What is valid arguments?
How can we evaluate the
truthfulness of the proposition?
ETHICS is the branch of
philosophy concerned with
nature of values and principles
and behaviors.
Example:
What ought to do?
What is right and wrong?
AESTHETIC is the branch of
philosophy that concerned with
the nature and value of art and
aesthetic experience.
Example: What is beauty?
Doing Philosophy: Distinguish Holitic from Partial
Perspectives
● A holistic perspective requires Partial Perspective focuses on
an individual to have an open specific aspects of a situation.
mindset and an ability to get
The partial view is an
the general sense or impression
regarding a situation. A holistic important component of
view also means that one does analytical thinking, as an
not confine one’s individual focuses on certain
understanding of the world to areas or aspects of a problem
one’s own perspective, but also in order to understand it.
includes the perspective of
others.
 METHOD OF
PHILOSOPHIZING
 MAJOR TOPICS

Distinguish an Opinion from Truth

Logical Reasoning
Fallacy of Reasoning
OPINIONS: Propositions based on personal
beliefs, view or judgment that cannot be verified
with evidence

● Subjective ● The sun is

shining
● Normative ● The sun is made
● Personal of green cheese
● Your hair is
Belief
beautiful
FACT, proposition that can verified through
empirical evidences.

● Objective ● Rodrigo Duterte is

● Verifiable the 16th president
of the Philippines
● Proven through
● All philosophers
logical
are wise
reasoning
Deductive Reasoning is Example:

the type of reasoning that All men are mortal

proceeds from general Anthony is a man
premises to specific Therefore, Anthony is a mortal
conclusion
Inductive Reasoning Example

makes broad Sara and harold are UP students

generalization out of Sara is Intelligent
specific instances or Harold is Intelligent
observations. Therefore, all UP students are
Intelligent
FALLACY REASONINGS
FALLACIES OF ARGUMENTUM
AMBIGUITY an HOMINEM, an argument
statement, term or is a direct attack to the
argument has more than person instead of attacking
one meaning.
the argument made.
Example:
Example: you are ugly, so you’re
I saw a woman on the rooftop with argument is false.
a telescope.
APPEAL TO EMOTION an
argument that uses
emotion to pursue rathan
than to prove.
Example: how can one person be
heartless to do this to another
person. He must be punished and
thrown in the pit of a cave.
ARGUMENT FROM
IGNORANCE, an argument
is proven true because
there is no way to prove it.
Example: There is no way that we
can disprove the existence of
ghost. Therefore , they are true.
APPEAL TO AUTHORITY NON-SEQUITOR an
ARGUMENT is believed argument that proves an
as true mainly because the exaggerated conclusion
person saying it is even if it does not follow
considered as an the given premises.
“authority’.
Example: You do not know that place,
Example: The celebrity promoting the so don’t go there. There might be
new diet trend encourages young too many thieves on that place. They
girls to follow the diet as it is safe and might hurt you. They might take you
healthy.
belonging, you might not return.
METHOD OF
PHILOSOPHY
LEADS TO WISDOM
AND TRUTH
HUMAN PERSON AS
AN EMBODIED
SPIRIT
 TYPES OF HUMAN LIMITATION

1 2 3

Physical Intellectual Emotional

Limitation Limitation Limitation
VIEWS OF PHILOSOPHERS
ABOUT LIMITATION AND
POSSIBILITIES OF
TRANSCENDENCE
 WESTERN PHILOSOPHERS
1 2 3 4

Plato Aristotle Augustine Thomas

Aquinas
( Intelligible Only one world Body and Souls,
World), world of but the forms the soul rules the Man composed of
forms ( Sensible exist within body. vegetative,
World) material physical objects. sensitive,
World. Intellectual life
 EASTERN CONCEPT

Hinduism Buddhism- Siddhartha

Man composed of Mortal and Immortal. Gautama

Hindu believes that the main of purpose 4 noble truth

of man is to seek the truth and to reach
the Brahman (absolute soul) 8 fold path
Rebirthm, Karma
 SECOND DAY

● HUMAN PERSON AND

ENVIRONMENT
● HUMAN PERSON AND FREEDOM
Human Person
and
Environment
 CONCEPT OF AESTHETICS
1 2 3 4

Pythagoras Plato Aristotle Friedrich

Nietzsche
Beauty through Symmetry: Functional and
numbers, exhibits exactly similar, Purpose Life and Vitality
through harmony uniformity
proportion of Concept of
numbers Teleology
ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY

It is the discipline that studies the moral relationships

of human beings with the environment and its non-
human contents. Philosophers believe that the human
person has the ability to change the environment to suit
his purposes. It will enable them to become aware of
their relationship and its related issues in our society and
their impact on the lives of human persons.
 CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS

1 2 3 4

Ecocentrism Social Ecology

Anthropocentrism Biocentrism
Ethical principle that Understands the
Believes that any Moral worth of acknowledges that interactions of the
action must be done
action depend intrinsic value of social, institutional,
high consideration natural world that
upon its effect on and culture context,
of its effects on man debunk the idea that
any forms of life. of the relationship
human beings own nature to the people.
“Human Center”
everything has
“Life Center”
authority over it.
VIRTUES OF ENVIRONMENT

Frugality is defined as Prudence

the attitude of being
Aquinas wisdom
economical in spending
concerning human
and using resources
affairs or right reason
with respect to action.
Human Person and
Freedom of Choice
Imagine you won in a big contest, and you
were asked to choose just one of the
following prizes. Which one are you going
to choose and why?
1. A luxury car with a non- transferable contract.
2. A 4-year college educational scholarship at any
school in the Philippines
3. A one month all expenses paid trip to the three
European countries.
KINDS OF FREEDOM
● PHYSICAL FREEDOM. Refers to the absence of any
physical restraints.
● PSYCHOLOGICAL FREEDOM. (freedom of choice) It is
innate and cannot be denied a person.
● MORAL FREEDOM. Human has a natural inclination for
what is true and good, when a person uses his or her
freedom to do acts that violate human dignity and goodness,
he or she dehumanizes himself and effectively negates
human freedom.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=51KAWFUimds
 CONCEPT OF FREEDOM OF CHOICE
1 2 3 4

THOMAS AQUINAS: JEAN PAUL

ARISTOTLE: Human being has the SARTRE:Free Thomas Hobbes:
reason, will, unique power to change individual choice, Nature of self-
themselves and the things regardless of the power
and action drive around them for the better
of other people to
preservation (Seek
each other. (Conscience/ Morality)
influence and coerce peace)Social
MAN IS MORAL AGENT
our desires, beliefs and Construct Theory
(Free will) “ Choice based on decision.
morality” Choice based on self-
“Choice based on Choice based on preservation
Freewill” Authenticity
 THIRD DAY
● INTERSUBJECTIVITY
● HUMAN PERSON AND SOCIETY
● HUMAN PERSON TOWARDS
IMPENDING DEATH.
INTERSUBJECTIVITY
Philosopher EDMUND HUSSERL. It is simply
stated as the interchange of thoughts and
feelings, both conscious and unconscious
between two persons or “subjects” as
facilitated by empathy.
CONCEPTS OF INTERSUBJECTIVITY

1. To be with- co-presence, openness.

2. To be is to be with- ( Gabriel Marcel) living directed
towards something other than self, or living outside self.
3. Decentering_displacing oneself from the central position.
4. Genuine Communication- revealing oneself to other
without fear or prejudices.
HUMAN PERSON
AND SOCIETY
The social contract theory is an explanation of how a
society comes into being upon the agreement or
convention of individuals to form a society under the
leadership and guidance of a sovereign. this , of
course, is in recognition of the existence of disorder in
the state of nature.
TYPES OF SOCIETY
TRIBAL SOCIETY
● the term “tribe” denotes a
group of peoples living in a
primitive setting under a
leader or chief. The term ‘tribal
society’ associates it to other
meaning such as “primitive
society” or “preliterate
society.”
● Tribal societies are small in
scale; bound to their spatial and
temporal range of relations in
terms of society, law, and
politics; and possess a moral
code, cult, and wide range of
belief system.
● The language systems of tribes
are unwritten which provides a
narrow extent of communication.
INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY.
● It is the one which uses
advanced technology to
drive a massive production
industry that will support a
large population.
● The objective of an industrial
economy is the fast and
efficient manufacturing of
standardized products.
POST INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY.
● a shift from the production of
goods to the production of
services;
● the replacement of manual
laborers with technical and
professional workers
(computer engineers,
doctors, and bankers) as the
direct production of goods is
moved elsewhere;
 DIGITAL SOCIETY AND THE INFORMATION
AGE
● Digital technologies have wildly
affected our interactions and
activity in the 21st century. They
have significantly changed our
way of learning, working and
socializing.
● The virtual society and the
technological devices today are
starting to reshape the human
person and human interactions
and relationships.
● People seem to start
manipulating personalities as
they exhibit different behaviors in
different worlds.
● Virtual worlds and disembodied
relations lack commitment. We
can always step back and retreat
in a virtual world. We can always
create a new self when our
avatars die or when it has
become undesirable.
HUMAN PERSON TOWARD
IMPENDING DEATH
MEANING OF ONE’S LIFE

Aristotle Socrates

Arete Unexamined life is not

worth living
Doctrine of Mean

Eudaimonia
CONCEPT OF DEATH

Idealism Materialism (Bertrand

Russel)
Death is not the end for
a person. Death is the end of
man’s life
ALL OF US DEAD
 There is a time for
everything, and a
season for every activity
under heaven (Ecclesiastes 3:1)
Thank you!