GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 8

Zero and first conditional

Zero conditional
We use the zero conditional to talk about things that are generally true. The
form is:

If + present simple + present simple

If there’s important news, everyone on Twitter talks about it.
If I get an email, I don’t always read it straight away.
If the weather’s bad, do you still cycle to work?

We can also use when instead of if. The meaning is the same.

 Exercise 1

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First conditional
We use the first conditional to talk about a possible future situation. The form
is:
If + present simple + will/won’t
If I hear something about the job, I’ll send you a message.
If you don’t read my blog, you won’t hear all my news.
Note: we never use a future form in the if clause.
If it will rain at the weekend, we’ll stay at home.
If it rains at the weekend, we’ll stay at home.
Order in conditional sentences
Conditional sentences have two parts: the if clause and the main clause. The
main clause describes the result of the situation in the if clause.
If it rains, we’ll stay at home.
IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
We can put the if clause first or the main clause first. When the if clause comes
first, we put a comma before the main clause. When the if clause comes
second, we don’t need a comma.
We’ll stay at home if it rains.
 Exercises 2 and 3
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Defining relative clauses
Defining relative clauses give essential information about a person, thing or
place. They say exactly which person, thing or place we are talking about.
Look at the box that’s on the table. (the relative clause tells us exactly which
box)
He’s the scientist who was on the TV news yesterday. (the relative clause
tells us exactly which scientist)

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Form
To make a relative clause, we add a relative pronoun after a noun. The choice of
relative pronoun depends on the type of noun:
• for a relative clause about a person, use who:
That’s the woman who we saw yesterday.
• for a relative clause about a thing, use which:
Did you get the message which I sent you?
• for a relative clause about a place, use where:
This is the place where they made the first battery.
We can also use that instead of who or which (but not where).
She’s the artist that I told you about.
I’d love to have a machine that can cook dinner while I’m at work.
The relative pronouns which, who and that can be the subject or the object of a
relative clause. If it is the subject, we don’t need another subject:
This is an invention that it could change the world!
If it is the object, we don’t need another object:
Did I tell you about the film that I saw it last week?
 Exercises 4, 5 and 6
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Exercises
1 Match the sentence beginnings (1–7) with the endings (a–g).

f 1 If I get a message,
e 2 If she doesn’t sleep well at night,
c 3 It’s bad for your skin
a 4 When he has an exam,
g 5 If it rains,
b 6 Babies cry
d 7 My boss gets angry
a he has to study hard.
b when they are hungry.
c if you sit out in the sun for a long time.
d if I am late for work.
e she feels tired the next day.
f I reply straight away.
g the roads are always busy.

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2 Make first conditional sentences with the correct form of the verbs in
brackets.

finish
1 If we ____________ (finish) the meeting early,
we ’ll go out
____________ (go out) for a coffee.
’ll miss
2 You ____________ don’t leave
(miss) the train if you ____________(not leave) the
house now.
3 If the weather ____________
is (be) bad tomorrow, I’ll____________
drive
(drive) to work.
won’t come (not come) to the party if he ____________(feel)
4 He ____________ feels ill.
5 If I ____________
go (go) to the supermarket, I ____________(buy)
’ll buy you
some chocolate.
doesn’t do (not do) her homework, her teacher ____________
6 If she ____________
(be)will be
angry.
don’t answer (not answer) my phone if I’m
7 I ____________ ____________(be) busy.

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3 In each section, match the sentence beginnings (1–4) with the endings (a–d)
and complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs.
A Zero conditional
d1 ’s
When it ____________ (be) cold, a have
I ____________ (have) a strong coffee in
a 2 don’t sleep (not sleep)
If I ____________ the morning.
well at night, b don’t give (not give) them water.
if you ____________
b3 die
Plants ____________ (die) c wakes
when she ____________ (wake) up.
c 4 likes
She ____________ (like) to go for d prefer
we ____________ (prefer) to stay at home.
a run

B First conditional
c 1 ’s
If she ____________ (be) free a ’ll feel
we ____________ (feel) hungry later.
tomorrow evening, b can
if we ____________ (can) find cheap
a2 don’t eat (not eat) now,
If we ____________ tickets.
d3 won’t get up (not get up)
They _____________ c ’ll invite (invite) her to the
I ____________
early party.
b 4 ’ll travel (travel) by plane
We ____________ d if they don’t have to (not have to)
_____________
work.
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4a Complete the sentences with who, which, or where.

1 who
That’s the man ____________ lives next door to me.
2 which
This is the book ____________ helped me pass the exam.
3 where
He visited the town ____________ his parents were born.
4 which
We liked the chocolate ____________ you bought us.
5 who
I got this present from the old lady ____________ lives on our street.
6 where
This is the café ____________ I first met my wife.
7 which
Can you see the cat ____________ is lying on top of the car?

4b Tick the sentences in 4a in which that can be used as a relative pronoun.

2, 4 and 7

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5 Correct the mistakes in these sentences. Two sentences are correct.

1 They have a daughter who is a doctor. Correct

2 This is the house that I want to buy it.
which
3 She bought the car who she saw last week.
who
4 Look! That’s the friend which I was talking about yesterday.
5 Those are the students who they are looking for a flat.
6 I watched the documentary that was on TV yesterday evening. Correct
7 He didn’t see the person who he took his wallet.

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6 Complete the text with the phrases below and who, which, that or where.
a I didn’t want to be friends with again
b lived next door to me
c she gave me for my eighth birthday
d we always played together
e we did together
f you haven’t seen for a long time

who; f
Facebook is a fantastic way to find old friends 1 _______________ . When
I was a small girl, I was best friends with Elena, the girl 2 who; b
______________ . I have a lot of memories that / ofwhich; e 3
the things
that / which;
_______________ and Icstill have the doll 4 _______________ ! When I
joined Facebook, I wasn’t sure about it at first. who / that;
There wereaa lot of people
5 _______________ . But one day I saw that Elena wanted to be friends
with me. We started chatting online and after a few months we agreed to
meetwhere; d park
– in the
6 _______________ when we were children. It was so nice to see her and
to be friends again. And it’s all thanks to Facebook!
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