Tune Into Grammar STD 7

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Tune in to Grammar_TB-7_prelims.indd 2 2/8/2017 11:24:59 AM

Preface
Good grammar is the foundation of good language skills. Tune in to
Grammar 1-8 presents a systematic and step-wise strategy for approaching
and understanding grammar.
The series presents grammar rules lucidly and leads the learner to assimilate
and apply them to communication in everyday life. A clear presentation
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style and interesting examples help the learner grasp the concept easily.
Lt
Each concept is broken down into sections and takes the learner through
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the stages of warm-up, explanations and extensive practice. At the end of
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the chapter, the learner applies the concepts covered in an integrated and
application-based activity.
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The key segments include the warm-up, the Know, the Learn, the Practise
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and the Activity sections. Each of these sections presents and reinforces
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a particular pedagogical step in building the learner’s understanding of
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grammar.
The warm-up helps the learner enter the learning sphere. It helps bridge the
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gap between the existing knowledge and the concept that has to be acquired.
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The Know section presents the concept with examples, comprehensive

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explanations and suitably graded definitions. The Learn section forms the
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first level of practice. It facilitates a rhythmic transition from comprehension

to application. The Practise section provides extensive exercises in a variety
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of formats to help the student hone the concept. In some cases, there may be
more than one Know, Learn and Practise sections to simplify the learning
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process, and help in smooth transition from the easier to the more complex
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concepts. The Activity section integrates all the learning in the chapter in the
form of an engaging, individual, pair or group exercise. It helps the learner
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apply the concept, moving from theoretical to more engaging tasks.

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There is one section each on Comprehension and Composition in all

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grades. The Comprehension section includes a variety of reading passages,

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extracts and poems from various genres to test the literal and inferential
comprehension of the learners. The Composition section comprises a variety
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of writing exercises, ranging from paragraph writing to story writing,

picture composition and letter writing among other creative writing tasks. In
addition to this, each book also includes two test papers for revision of the
topics covered.
The series is intended to make language learning a simple and an enjoyable
experience in the classroom as the learners tune in and embark on this
musical journey.

Contents
1. The Sentence 1
2. Pronouns 8
3. Kinds of Adjectives 14
4. Order of Adjectives 21
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5. Determiners 24
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6. Simple Tenses 31
7. Continuous Tenses 35
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8. Perfect Tenses 40
9. Non-Finites Verbs: Infinitives and Gerunds 44
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10. Non-Finite Verbs: Participles 50
11. Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 53
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12. Active and Passive Voice 56
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13. Subject-Verb Agreement Se 61
14. Modals and Auxiliaries 64
15. Direct and Indirect Speech 67
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16. Position Of Adverbs 73

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17. More On Adverbs 79

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18. Prepositions 82
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19. Conjunctions 87
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20. Kinds of Phrases 92

21. Kinds of Clauses 97
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22. Simple, Complex and Compound Sentences 102

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23. Synthesis and Transformation of Sentences 105

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Comprehension 109
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Test Paper 1 111

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Test Paper 2 113

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1 The Sentence
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Lt
t.
Mark these statements as true or false.
Pv
F F T T F
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Se
Learn
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Identify the complete sentences. Then, identify the subject-word

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and the attribute in each of them.

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1. Mina – subject; brilliant artist – attribute

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4. I – subject; pastor – attribute

5. Rekha – subject; school – attribute
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6. you – subject; your phone – attribute

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8. us – subject; on this bench – attribute

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9. book – subject; table – attribute

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Practise
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A. Identify the subject and the predicate in each of these

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sentences.
1. The train – subject; arrived at the station at 6 p.m. – predicate
2. What a naughty boy – predicate; you – subject
Tune in to Grammar_TB-7.indd 1 2/8/2017 11:16:53 AM

3. You – subject; attend the meeting today – predicate
4. The students – subject; walked around lazily in the school
corridor – predicate
5. You – subject; come in – predicate
6. Socrates – subject; was a Greek philosopher – predicate
7. The tourists – subject; insisted on a refund from the travel
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agent – predicate
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8. you – subject; bring the bouquet of flowers – predicate
t.
9. We – subject; will watch a film on Friday – predicate
Pv
10. The animals – subject; looked shaken by the loud noise –
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predicate
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B. Identify the subject-word and the attribute in each of these
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sentences.
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1. The manager – subject; of the firm – attribute
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2. spring – subject; the warm and bright – attribute

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3. My uncle – subject; is a music composer – attribute

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4. The minister – subject; cunning – attribute

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5. water – subject; Drinking – attribute

6. A boy– subject; carrying a pile of books– attribute
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7. man – subject; honest – attribute

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8. jewellery – subject; expensive – attribute

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9. My sister – subject; younger – attribute

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10. habit – subject; not healthy – attribute

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11. deed – subject; noble – attribute

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12. man – subject; injured – attribute

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Learn
Write the negative statement for each of these sentences.
2. I do not like to read.
3. They did not leave the room in a hurry.
4. Sharmila takes tea every morning.
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Lt
5. Father will not go to the market to buy vegetables.
t.
6. The students did not do well in the examination.
Pv
7. The office was not decorated with streamers and lights.
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8. John and Pakhi did not perform a song in front of the
audience.
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9. We have not been called for the training on Monday.
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10. She does not have many friends in Mumbai.
11. I did not put sugar in my tea.
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12. Arun does not like to watch cartoons.

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Practise
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A. Rearrange the words and phrases to make sentences.

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1. In spite of having prepared well for the examination, my

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sister did not score good marks.

2. The band which had competed against our school band, won
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many competitions.
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3. They asked the passengers to leave the bus in the last minute.
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4. We watched the cricket match after school yesterday.

5. My sister is wearing a pink shirt and a pair of blue jeans.
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6. I dined with my parents at a Chinese restaurant last Saturday.

7. Madhu and Trisha walk home from school every day.

8. The man told me to drop the cheque in the box at the counter.
9. My favourite pastime is to sit under the shade of a tree and
read a book.
10. We had met at a restaurant last Thursday.
B. Separate the subject from the predicate. Encircle the attributes

of the subject-word where applicable.
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1. The lion – subject; in the jungle – attribute; caught its prey in
Lt
a flash – predicate
t.
Pv
2. Hari – subject; the local shopkeeper – attribute; has a new car
– predicate
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3. Monsoon– subject; best – attribute; time of the year –
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predicate
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4. The street – subject; is decorated with lights – predicate;
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during Christmas – attribute
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5. Yamuna– subject; a perennial river – attribute; flows through

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Delhi – predicate
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6. Familiarity – subject; breeds contempt – predicate

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7. People – subject; who are kind-hearted – attribute; are loved

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by all – predicate
8. star – subject; shinning– attribute; I see now – predicate
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9. I – subject; have a chain of gold – predicate

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10. Rustom – subject; the youngest son of the mighty emperor –

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attribute; is a good man – predicate

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11. I – subject; like good music - predicate.

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C. Insert phrases from the box in these sentences. You may add
them to thesubject or the predicate. A phrase can be used only
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once.
1. A useless carpet with many holes, is lying in the cupboard.
2. A woman of great beauty, is sitting by the fireplace.

3. A coat that is grey in colour, would be best for the role.
4. A house near the church, is what I want.
5. Coffee of strong flavour, drives out sleep.
6. He has been away, since March.
7. A boat by the river, makes a pretty picture.
8. Dresses of many colours, were displayed in the showcase.
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9. The bird on the fence, is my pet.
Lt
10. I met him at the local market nearby.
t.
Pv
D. Use the correct punctuation marks to form imperative (Im),
exclamatory (E), assertive (A) or interrogative (In) sentences.
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Identify the type of the sentence.
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1. When can I see you? (In) Se
2. What a lovely piece of music! (E)
3. Can I borrow this book for a day? (In)
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4. I would like to visit my mother today. (A)

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5. Who will be the next monitor? (In)

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6. Leave right now. (Im)

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7. What wonderful news! (E)

8. Ratna has fallen ill. (A)
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9. What do you want from me now? (In)

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10. Jhuma will go to the market tomorrow. (A)

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11. Why should we leave so early? (In)

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12. Stand up right now. (Im)

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13. What a perfect painting this is! (E)

14. Leave my office right now. (Im)
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15. I do not like ice cream. (A)

E. Rearrange the words to form the types of sentences as
indicated. Punctuate them correctly.
1. Leave the hall right now.
2. Oh how sad this news is!
3. Do you know when the programme will begin?
4. Can you tell me the way to the station?
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5. Ratul will leave for Germany this evening.
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6. How majestic the tiger is!
t.
Pv
7. Is there anyone behind the door.
8. Football is the national sport of many nations.
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9. Stop arguing and finish the work.
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10. Rima would love to visit the chocolate factory.
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11. Be quiet and sit down.
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12. How beautiful the rain in spring is!
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13. How terrible it must have been.

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14. Why don’t you come here?

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15. Check the contents after you open the box.

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Activity
You may carry a few pictures to the class. You may get
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these pictures from the Internet or from a magazine.
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Ensure you choose pictures that have plenty of detail in
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them for students to describe. Make three groups. Give
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each group a picture and ask them to describe the picture
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in eight sentences. They may even choose to write a
story on the picture. Instruct the students to use different
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kinds of sentences while writing. Now ask the groups to
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exchange what they have written and identify the different
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kinds of sentences in it.
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2 Pronouns
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Lt
t.
Learn
Pv
Which of these highlighted words is not a pronoun?
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2. My
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3. that Se
4. Which
5. which
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7. My
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10. someone
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15. These
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Practise
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A. Complete these sentences using suitable personal pronouns.

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Ayush is a musician who plays the guitar. He is the only child

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of his parents who are doctors. His parents are very proud of
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him. They never pressurised Ayush and are very happy that he
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became a musician. ‘I will one day have a band of my own,’ says

Ayush with confidence. ‘If we are determined and focused we
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surely will,’ says Riddhi, his best friend who lives next door.
‘How long do you think it will take me to form a band?’ he asks
Riddhi every day. ‘I believe you will form one quite soon,’ says
Riddhi.

B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate pronouns.
1. mine.
2. hers.
3. ours.
4. yours?
5. his.
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6. yours.
Lt
7. I
t.
Pv
8. They; them
9. They; it
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10. she
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11. yours Se
12. Mine
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C. Insert suitable interrogative pronouns.

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1. What
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2. Who
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3. What
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4. Who
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5. What
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6. Why
7. Whose
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8. Why
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9. Who
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10. Whom
11. Which
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12. Who
13. What
14. Who

Learn
The highlighted words in these sentences are pronouns. Identify
their types.
1. himself – Reflexive
2. it – Personal
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3. Everybody – Indefinite
Lt
4. I; it – Personal
t.
Pv
5. They – Personal
6. mine; hers – Possessive
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7. This – Demonstrative
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8. Those – Demonstrative Se
9. Who – Interrogative
10. Who – Relative
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11. anyone’s – Possessive

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12. myself – Emphatic

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Practise
a
A. Choose the correct pronoun. State whether it is a reflexive

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pronoun (R) or an emphatic pronoun (E)

1. himself – Emphatic
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2. yourself – Reflexive
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3. itself – Reflexive
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5. ourselves – Reflexive
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6. herself – Reflexive
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8. herself – Emphatic
9. yourself – Emphatic
12. themselves – Reflexive
B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate indefinite pronouns.
d
Lt
There may be more than one correct answer.
1. everything
t.
Pv
2. everyone
3. Many
es
4. Something
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5. anything; someone Se
6. Nothing
7. nothing
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8. Someone
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9. everything
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10. many; some

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D. Join these sets of sentences with suitable relative pronouns.

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1. The boy who lives down the street is an artist.

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2. I like playing badminton which is a good sport.

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3. There are many teachers living in this building which is quite

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old.
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4. This is a fact that I learnt yesterday.

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5. Many children learn karate these days which is a martial art.

6. Some people who are smart make a lot of money.
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7. Geeta is a devoted social worker whose school is in the next

lane.
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8. I like visiting parks that have open spaces.
9. It was a very ancient library that was burnt down recently.
10. Rehmania which was sold off recently, is a big departmental
store.
11. Ratna, whom you met recently is a gifted dancer.
12. I will join the school which is situated far away from the city.
d
Lt
E. Fill in the blanks with reflexive pronouns.
1. ourselves
t.
Pv
2. himself
3. itself
es
4. himself
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rv
5. themselves Se
6. yourself
7. himself
n
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8. himself
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9. themselves
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10. yourselves
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11. herself
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12. themselves
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Activity
You may ask the students sit in groups of three to five,
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depending on the class size. While distributing the
Lt
passage to each group, also distribute a sheet. Ask them
t.
to list out the pronouns and specify their kind. Ensure
Pv
that the number of pronouns in each passage is the same
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and covers all different kinds. Allot them some time to
complete the activity.
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Ask the students to then exchange their sheets with
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another group for evaluation. You may score the points on
the board and declare the winning team(s).
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3 Kinds of Adjectives
d
Lt
t.
Learn
Pv
A. Create your own adjectives of quality to describe these nouns.
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(Answers may vary)
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1. large vase
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2. melodious singer
Se
3. pretty girl
n
4. wooden table
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5. luxurious car
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6. interesting film
Ed
7. tired travellers
8. huge house
a
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9. beautiful flowers
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10. renowned poet

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B. Read this passage from The Open Window by Saki. Underline

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the adjectives and identify the kind.

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‘Out through that (demonstrative) window, three years ago

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to a day, her husband and her two (number) young (quality)

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brothers went off for their day’s shooting. They never came back.
In crossing the moor to their favourite (quality) snipe-shooting
ground they were all three engulfed in a treacherous (quality)
piece of bog. It had been that (demonstrative) dreadful wet
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(quality) summer, you know, and places that were safe in other
years gave way suddenly without warning. Their bodies were
never recovered. That was the dreadful (quality) part of it.’ Here
the child’s voice lost its self-possessed (quality) note and became
falteringly human (quality)… Poor (quality) aunt always thinks
that they will come back someday, they and the little (quality)
brown (quality) spaniel that was lost with them, and walk in at
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that (demonstrative) window just as they used to do…
Lt
t.
Practise
Pv
es
A. Choose the appropriate adjectives to describe these nouns.
ic
1. the golden sun
rv
2. a gentle lamb Se
3. the sly fox
4. a thoughtful old man
n
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5. the brave lion

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6. the green meadows

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7. a faithful dog
Ed
8. the tall trees

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9. the steep mountains

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10. a timid child

In
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B. Fill in the blanks with the most suitable adjective from the box.
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1. The entire script is in an absolute mess.

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2. Even the most intelligent students make silly mistakes.

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3. The old man was advised a complete change of diet and

environment.
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4. After the incident, he had to shoulder the entire

responsibility of his family.
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5. I play the flute in my free time. I find it a real pleasure.
6. The hills and the greenery was pure bliss for them.
7. The majestic mountains and the clear skies were a welcome
change after having spent months in the city.
8. The party won the election with a thumping majority.
9. The police asked the witness to give a true account of what he
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had seen that night.
Lt
10. The film has been a commercial failure in the box office.
t.
Pv
C. Choose the correct adjectives.
11. later
es
12. latter
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rv
13. older Se
14. eldest
15. farther
n
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16. latest
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17. last
uc
18. nearest
Ed
19. older
20. further
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In
D. Complete these sentences by choosing the correct adjective of

quantity or number. Also, indicate which one it is.
n
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1. There is much talk about the principal having resigned.

(quantity)
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2. I was several miles away from home. (number)

3. It took many years for me to learn the truth. (number)
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4. Most farmers have started using modern methods of farming.

(number)
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5. There are not many good doctors in this small town.
(number)
6. Much effort was wasted in planning for this project.
(quantity)
7. There are no pictures in this storybook. (number)
8. We have made little progress in this field. (quantity)
d
9. There was some wastage of food during the festivities.
Lt
(quantity)
t.
10. All educated people should take the initiative to educate at
Pv
least one child. (number)
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E. Insert the participial adjectives in the brackets into each of
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these sentences.
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2. I was shocked by his uncaring attitude.
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3. The strange looking couple stood out in the freezing cold.
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4. A balanced diet is essential for growing children.

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5. The trekking team was stuck in the valley after the landslide.
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6. All the children stood and admired the sparkling fireworks

that lit up the sky.
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7. We rushed into the kitchen when we heard the shattering

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sound of glass.
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8. The firemen tried their best to save most of the burning

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property.
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9. This demanding job requires people with strong will power

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and patience.
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10. We have no fixed working hours.

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11. Every day, we accompanied father to the shooting range

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where he had his target practice.

12. The chef was worried because he could not find his paring
knife.
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Learn
Complete the table with the correct degrees of comparison.
comfortable more comfortable most comfortable
dreadful more dreadful most dreadful
handsome more handsome most handsome
d
expensive more expensive most expensive
Lt
sweet sweeter sweetest
t.
Pv
bold bolder boldest
courageous more courageous most courageous
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less lesser least
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dim dimmer dimmest
rv
Se
Practise
n
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A. Fill in the blanks with the comparative and superlative forms

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of the adjectives in the brackets.

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1. The younger of the two brothers decided to build a taller

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wall around the old wall. The wall had been destroyed by the
a
strongest gale to hit the area. His father had purchased the
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best quality bricks and the most expensive cement for the
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purpose. He called up his friend who was the biggest trader

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in the locality and asked him to send two bags of sand. It was
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the most important work that he had lined up for now.

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2. Nira wanted the best mobile phone. So, she visited the
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nearest showroom and bought the most expensive one on

sale. Nira’s father, who was more patient than most people,
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lost his temper when he learnt this.
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3. I think this is the finest piece of essay that I have read in a
long time. It is a bit longer than yours, though. You should
use a simpler and a more lucid style.
B. Each of these sentences contains an error in the use of positive,

comparative and superlative adjectives. Identify them and
rewrite these sentences.
d
1. This is the better of the two songs.
Lt
2. Who is the tallest among Rima, Ritu and Ginny?
t.
3. My work is more difficult than yours.
Pv
4. My parents live in the oldest house on this street.
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5. This question is more difficult than that.
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6. This is the biggest of the three boxes.
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7. The greater of the two actors will receive the award.
Se
8. The more miserly of the two brothers will donate some
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money today.
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9. She is the brightest star of the class.

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10. This is the wettest day of the year.

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Activity
Divide the class into groups of three. Carry some pictures
d
to the class and keep them upside down on the teacher’s
Lt
table. You may look for pictures on the Internet, or in
t.
magazines and newspapers.
Pv
Ask each group to choose any three cards and think of
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the best adjectives that can be used to describe each. Then
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ask them to create another set of adjectives that increase
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the intensity of the previously made adjectives. You may
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take up examples to explain. Ask the students to show
the pictures to the class by turn and call out the adjectives
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used.
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Ed
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4 Order of Adjectives
d
Lt
Learn
t.
Pv
es
Size Opinion Material Shape
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thick, narrow, horrible, noble, plastic, round, flat,
rv
enormous, tall, bright, ugly, woollen,
Se triangular
fat weak, cheap concrete,
wooden, steel,
n
shimmery
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at
uc
Practise
Ed
A. Choose the correct order of adjectives from the options.

a
1. Argo returned home in a clean new blue shirt.

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2. We can use small white plastic cups to make a telephone

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model.
n
3. The children gave the little boy a big round cardboard,

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puzzle box as a parting gift.

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4. He drove a fast old red German truck.

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5. The large round brown bag has sugar.

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6. There is a wonderful new Chinese restaurant in Saket.

7. The exhausted tall American traveller decided to stop for a
glass of lemonade.
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8. My parents’ new house has a large rectangular green garden.
9. The restaurant gave us a delicious round chocolate cake as a
complementary dessert.
10. The man was selling tiny red Japanese dolls.
11. My friend and I bought long heavy silver earrings.
12. Our client is a handsome tall Russian man.
d
Lt
B. Rewrite these sentences placing the adjectives in the correct
order.
t.
Pv
1. I bought a beautiful white cotton kurta.
2. The reserved forest is full of large brown circular rocks.
es
3. The shiny round metallic ball is expensive.
ic
rv
4. I have just bought a tiny square French box.
Se
5. Shiela bought a shiny, large, black car.
6. A massive old white suitcase lies unclaimed.
n
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7. The small grey round object remains a mystery.

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8. I would love a small new silver nose pin.

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9. We have designed a thin new rectangular bookmark.

Ed
10. My grandmother is a dignified gentle short lady.

a
C. Use the adjectives in the table to make sentences. Use at least

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three adjectives from the table in each sentence. Make as many

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sentences as you can.

n
(Answers may vary.)

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1. I bought a small reddish pink hat.

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2. Sonia is a tall young Italian girl.

3. The letter was written in massive Arabic three words.
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4. It is a tall, antique, Italian statue.

5. She wore tiny, pink flat slippers.
6. Pizza is a round flat Italian dish.
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7. I love my old, blue plastic toy car.
8. She wore a long, whitish woolen muffler.
9. The furniture was made of old Indian wood.
10. My grandfather is a happy, old, Indian.
11. The three tired tiny men sat under the tree.
12. I have some cool, tall, green trees in my garden.
d
Lt
t.
Pv
es
Activity
ic
rv
Se
Divide the class into small groups as per the class size and
distribute different sets of three pictures each to every
n
io
group. Allow them five minutes to study the pictures and

at
create a story.
uc
Instruct each group to include at least three consecutive

Ed
adjectives in each sentence. Ask each of the groups to

narrate their stories and the class at large to point out the
a
adjectives.
di
In
n
so
ar
Pe
©
23

5 Determiners
d
Lt
t.
Learn
Pv
Fill in the blanks with a or an. Put a cross [✗] where no article is
es
required.
ic
rv
1. a Se
2. an; a
3. a
n
io
4. a; an
at
5. an
uc
6. an
Ed
7. an; a
8. ✗; ✗; ✗
a
di
9. a; a
In
10. a
n
11. ✗; ✗
so
12. An; ✗
ar
Pe
Practise
©
A. Read these sentences. Insert, omit or change articles where

required. Rewrite the correct sentences in your notebook.
1. He thinks he is Einstein.
24

2. Don’t be silly.
3. I have been admitted to the university.
4. I hope that he will grow up to be a writer.
5. The sun is shining in the sky.
6. Mira has promised to return by the tenth of May.
7. He has had an accident and will have to take rest.
d
8. What an honest man he is!
Lt
9. Our train is late by an hour. This means I will miss the flight.
t.
Pv
10. Baseball is played in America.
11. Would you like to visit the Taj Mahal?
es
12. We thoroughly enjoyed the lunch you prepared for us.
ic
rv
13. Argentina is a country in South America.
Se
14. I enjoy watching football.
15. There are many islands in the Indian Ocean.
n
io
B. There is an article missing in each line. Mark a [/] where the

at
article is to be inserted and write it in the blank. The first

uc
As I was going to market/other day, the

Ed
I met my uncle who was/architect in a firm. an

a
He bought me/book from the local bookstore. a

di
He said he had to buy/dozen eggs a

In
for some guests who had come from/eastern states the

n
so
of India. He also bought/bagful of chocolates a

ar
for his daughter/student of local college. a

Pe
My uncle has bought/house in Goa. a

He invited me to stay at his place by/Arabian Sea. the
©
It seemed like great idea to me and I

accepted/invitation immediately. the
25

C. Complete these sentences using a, an or the. Put a cross [✗]
where no articleis needed.
1. an
2. a
3. The; the; an
4. ✗
d
5. the
Lt
6. a
t.
Pv
7. the; the; the
8. An; the
es
9. the
ic
10. ✗
rv
11. ✗
Se
12. The
n
io
Learn
at
uc
Fill in the blanks with a, an or the. Put a cross [✗] where no article
Ed
is required.
1. ✗ Australia is ✗ home to the kangaroo. Kangaroos are the tallest
a
di
of all the marsupials and are over 6 feet tall. They can leap
In
morethan ✗ 30 feet.
n
2. Dear Reema, I arrived in ✗ New York City on Monday. Before

so
our arrival at the John F Kennedy International Airport, the

ar
staff on the flight asked the passengers to fasten their seat belts.
Pe
The weather was turbulent and the flight was delayed by ✗ six
hours. The hotels here are very expensive. I think I may have
©
miscalculated the budget.

3. The Himalayas are the highest mountain range in the world.
They protect ✗ India from the icy winds coming from ✗ Central
Asia and the People’s Republic of China.
26

4. Noodles are the staple food in many cultures across the world.
While the long, thin strips are the most common, there are
many other varieties of noodles. They are usually cooked in
✗ boiling water. Noodles are often served with ✗ sauce or in ✗
soup.
5. The matryoshka doll is also known as the Russian nesting doll.
It is a set of wooden dolls decreasing in size and placed inside
d
one another. The first doll set was made in ✗ 1890. The figures
Lt
inside may be of ✗ either gender. The smallest doll is a baby,
t.
made from a single piece of ✗ wood.
Pv
es
Practise
ic
rv
A. Fill in the blanks with my, our, your, his, her, its, their, etc. You
Se
may be able to use more than one determiner in some cases.
1. your
n
io
2. my
at
3. his
uc
4. my; his
Ed
5. her
6. his
a
di
7. Your
In
8. its
n
9. his; Her
so
10. my
ar
11. its
Pe
12. its
©
B. Choose the most appropriate option to complete these

sentences.
1. any
27

2. many
3. a little
4. any; some
5. Neither
6. a little; a few
7. little
d
8. many
Lt
9. Each
t.
Pv
10. much
es
C. Underline the determiners in these sentences and state their
kind.
ic
rv
1. Many – quantifier; a – indefinite article
Se
2. The – definite article; a – indefinite article
3. His – possessive; the – definite article
n
io
4. The – definite article; many – quantifier; his – possessive; the,

at
the, the – definite article

uc
5. the – definite article; many – quantifier

Ed
6. The – definite article; some – quantifier

7. That – demonstrative
a
di
8. a, a, an – indefinite article
In
9. these – demonstrative
n
10. Those – demonstrative

so
11. Most – quantifier; a – indefinite article

ar
Pe
12. Her – possessive
D. This passage has not been edited. Identify the incorrect

©
determiners andrewrite the passage correctly.

It was a hot summer night and, as usual, we went to bed
early. We could hear many voices in the corridor. These voices
28

belonged to the residents who were returning home after a walk.
Everyone, it seemed, was retiring for the night.
In this locality, not many people venture out after sunset. Few
are seen on the roads at night. The summer heat is another
reason why people prefer to stay indoors. However, in the
daytime, commuters always face heavy traffic jams and wonder
where all these people came from.
d
Lt
E. Choose the correct determiner and state its kind.
t.
1. Which – interrogative
Pv
2. Which – interrogative
es
3. any – quantifier
ic
4. many – quantifier
rv
5. your – possessive Se
6. this – demonstrative
n
7. much – quantifier
io
8. That – demonstrative
at
uc
9. These – demonstrative
10. My, my – possessive; some – quantifier
Ed
11. some – quantifier

a
12. some – quantifier

di
In
n
so
ar
Pe
©
29

Activity
A day prior to conducting the activity, ask each child to
d
bring two to three pictures of things or people from home.
Lt
Divide the class into small groups of three to four each.
t.
Ask each child to take turns in his/her group and show
Pv
the pictures one at a time to the remaining members. Each
es
of the members of the group will make sentences using
determiners.
ic
rv
You may initially display a picture and encourage students
Se
to share their responses, thus giving them an idea of how
to go about the activity. Supervise the activity and help
n
them where they need guidance.

io
at
uc
Ed
a
di
In
n
so
ar
Pe
©
30

6 Simple Tenses
d
Lt
t.
Pv
Complete this table
es
Sentence Simple Simple Past Simple
ic
Type Present Future
rv
Affirmative Rita flies Rita flew Rita will fly
Se
sentence planes. planes. planes.
n
Negative Rita does not Rita did not Rita will not
io
sentence fly planes. fly planes. fly planes.

at
uc
Interrogative Does Rita fly Did Rita fly Will Rita fly
sentence planes? planes? planes?
Ed
a
di
In
n
Learn
so
ar
Fill in the blanks according to the instructions.

Pe
1. played; read
2. listened; decided
©
3. broke
4. will go
31

5. lent; did not follow
6. will sing
7. wake; woke; slept
8. will submit; submitted
9. drink
10. teach
d
11. know; will I reach
Lt
12. shot
t.
Pv
Practise
es
ic
A. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given in
rv
the brackets. Se
Mr Roy cooks for his family every day. He buys vegetables and
fish every morning before going to work. He worked in a factory
n
io
before he joined his present office. At that time, he lived in the

at
suburbs of Kolkata.
uc
His parents stay with him now, but his children will move to
Ed
Mumbai for higher studies, next month.

They will submit applications for hostel facilities by Monday.
a
They miss their father’s cooking. Presently, their father teach

di
them how to cook. Mr Roy knows that he will have to buy more
In
meat today as some friends will come for dinner.

n
so
B. Fill in the blanks as per the instructions.

ar
1. drinks; prefers
Pe
2. enjoyed
3. will swim
©
4. will overflow
5. attends
6. cancelled
32

7. teaches
8. lays
9. will take; rains
10. fastened
11. will meet
12. invented
d
Lt
C. Rewrite the paragraph using the simple past tense.
t.
I played tennis every day. Captain Kohli was my coach. He was
Pv
very strict and disciplined. I exercised for two hours every day
after which I swam for an hour. I followed a strict diet and did
es
not eat toomuch rice or other carbohydrates. I slept for at least
ic
eight hours every day. I ran three kilometres twice a week. I
rv
practised tennis at my father’s club. The club opened at six in the
Se
morning and closed at eleven at night. I enjoyed playing tennis.
n
D. Describe this picture using simple tenses.

io
at
(Answers may vary)

uc
This is a market. You get everything here under one roof. There is
a fruit shop. The fruit shop has fresh water melons and apples. A
Ed
woman and her child buy fruits. Another lady is shopping with
a
her daughter. They have a trolley which they will fill with things.
di
Two children run around. A young girl carryies shopping bags.

In
She walks pasta display of utensils. A man is stands at the stairs

n
with his child, while another man looks down at the scene. It is a
so
busy market area.

ar
E. Rewrite these sentences using the simple future tense. Make

Pe
other necessary changes if required.

©
1. The train will leave at 9:30 a.m.

2. We will have lunch at a restaurant on Saturday.
3. It will snow in the mountains tomorrow evening.
33

4. My friend and I will go to see a play next Friday.
5. They will fly to Paris next month.
6. I will drive him to the station so that he does not miss his
train.
7. The sky will be covered with dark clouds and it will begin to
rain.
d
8. I will carry a bag, some books and a bottle of water to work.
Lt
9. I will travel by local train to the suburbs every day.
t.
10. I will train young girls at the football academy and get a
Pv
monthly salary.
es
11. People around the world will get together to welcome the
ic
New Year on the night of 31st December.
rv
12. My parents will be out of town for about three weeks next
Se
month.
13. My daughter will attend piano classes every Thursday.
n
io
14. The giant will demand more food as soon as he has finished
at
eating.
uc
15. Next Friday we will buy our very first pet.

Ed
a
di
In
Activity
n
so
ar
You may ask the students to work in pairs. Before the

Pe
activity starts, explain to the class what an itinerary is.

Carry out a short discussion on the places of interest in
©
Kerala. Then ask the students to work in pairs and write

out a paragraph using simple future only.
34

7 Continuous Tenses
d
Lt
Learn
t.
Pv
A. Fill in the blanks using the simple present or the present
continuous forms of the verbs in the brackets.
es
1. is looking
ic
rv
2. is baking Se
3. am telling
4. prefers
n
io
5. grows
at
6. is going
uc
7. is lying
Ed
8. is checking
9. checks
a
di
10. works; does not enjoy

In
B. Fill in the blanks with the simple past or the past continuous
n
so
forms of the verbs given in the brackets.

ar
1. climbed; fell
Pe
2. was cooking
3. arrived
©
4. answered
5. discovered; was investigating
35

6. was feeling; was not wearing
7. left
8. asked; was going
9. arrived; greeted
10. were chasing; appeared
d
Learn
Lt
t.
The verbs in these sentences have been highlighted. Identify the
Pv
tenses.
1. Future Continuous
es
2. Simple Past, Simple Present
ic
rv
3. Present Continuous Se
5. Simple Past, Past Continuous
n
io
6. Simple Present
at
7. Present Continuous
uc
Ed
9. Simple Past
a
10. Past Continuous

di
In
Practise
n
so
A. Look at the picture and describe it as if it is something that will

ar
occur in the future.

Pe
(Answers may vary)

A dog will be chasing by a boy in the park. They will be playing
©
together. Two men will be sitting on the bench in the park. They
will be talking but their voices will be drowned by the sound
of an auto-rickshaw that will be racing down the street. People
36

will be buying medicines at the chemist shop. A lady will be
purchasing vegetables from the local vendor. Some children will
be going to school. It will be a busy morning.
B. Change the tense in each sentence as instructed.

1. The children are playing in the living room while the nanny
is cooking in the kitchen.
d
2. The security forces guard the borders.
Lt
3. Mother will stuff the mixture into the capsicum and put it in
t.
the oven.
Pv
4. Gaurav is taking a new job. He is leaving for Jammu.
es
5. The creeper grows wild.
ic
6. I carried an umbrella in my bag.
rv
7. They will be working in the garage when we arrive.
Se
8. I will learn to skate.
n
9. Ravi is working in a new factory and is earning well.

io
at
10. Mr. Kohli is arriving today.

uc
11. He will write poems on Sunday.

Ed
12. The painter was demonstrating his genius.
C. In the passage, a verb has been wrongly used in each line.

a
di
Underline the incorrect verb and write the correct verb in the
In
blank. Put a cross [✗] if there is no error.

n
C V Raman were born in Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu. was

so
Soon his family moves to Visakhapatnam in Andhra moved

ar
Pradesh, but Raman pursues his education in Chennai, pursued

Pe
in Presidency College. Without encouragement, ✗

©
Raman enters the field of science in his early years. entered

Deeply attracting by the secrets of sound and light, he attracted
37

marches ahead in the world of science. Through his marched
achievements, he earns an honoured place for India in the earned
world of science. He lays the foundations of a scientific laid
tradition in India by build institutes for research, by building
publishing science journals and by encouraging young ✗
scientists. He were the ‘Grand Old Man of Indian Science’. was
d
Lt
D. Write about your plans for the coming weekend. Use simple
future and future continuous tenses.
t.
Pv
This weekend I will go to visit my grandparents. I will go there
by bus. By this time I will be enjoying myself with them. I will
es
take a saree for grandma and a nice walking stick for grandpa. I
ic
will listen to many nice stories from them. I will be rejoicing in
rv
the warmth of their love. I will be going to the park with them. I
Se
will make the most of this valuable time that I will be spending
with them. On Monday I will return home and get back to
n
io
studies. And in the evenings I will be talking to my grandparents

at
on the phone.
uc
E. Your school observed Sports Day last week. As the captain of

Ed
the Sports Club, write a live commentary on the event using the
continuous tenses.
a
di
(Answers may vary)

In
It is a momentous occasion for the school as it is celebrating

n
its Sports Day. The chief guest is sitting in the front row,
so
surrounding him is a group of press photographers.

ar
The first event is going to be of different kinds of races. The

Pe
participants are doing a warm up exercise while the chief

minister is heading towards the dais to address the gathering.
©
The crowd of people is listening attentively to the chief minister’s

address. The event is going to start.
38

Coming up on the field are the tiny tots all set for the sack race.
The coach is giving the cue. All the students are running with the
sacks around them.
The little girl in the blue dress is the winner. The crowd is
applauding and excitement is brewing…
d
Lt
t.
Pv
Activity
es
ic
Discuss the topic with the class. You may write the key
rv
words on the board. You may then divide the class into
Se
groups of four each and ask them to express their views in
the form of a paragraph containing at least ten sentences.
n
After all groups have completed the activity, they may be

io
asked to assign a speaker who reads out the paragraphs for

at
the others to listen and point out if the tenses specified in

uc
the activity have been kept in mind or not.

Ed
a
di
In
n
so
ar
Pe
©
39

8 Perfect Tenses
d
Lt
Learn
t.
Pv
Fill in the blanks with the simple past, the present perfect or the
present perfect continuous tense of the verbs in the brackets. Use
es
present perfect tense wherever you can.
ic
1. shifted
rv
2. fell
Se
3. believed
n
io
4. reached
at
5. told
uc
6. has just bought

Ed
7. left
8. arrived
a
di
9. Has he written
In
10. informed
n
11. have been washing

so
12. has been dining

ar
13. warned
Pe
14. have eaten

©
15. has taken
40

Practise
A. Fill in the blanks with past perfect or past perfect continuous
forms of the verbs within brackets.
1. had lost
2. had joined
d
Lt
3. had waited
t.
4. had tried
Pv
5. had been quite tiring
es
6. had copied
ic
7. had written
rv
8. had been taken Se
9. retired
n
10. had been walking

io
at
B. Join these sentences using the past perfect tense.

uc
1. Hari had finished cooking before he went to sleep.

Ed
2. I had reached the hall before the programme started.

3. I had visited my aunts before I returned to my hostel.
a
di
4. Gunjan had finished painting when the telephone rang.

In
5. Suman had extinguished the fire before the fire brigade

n
arrived.
so
6. The bell rang before they had finished reading.

ar
7. The bus had driven away before we reached the bus stop.
Pe
8. The culprit had run away before the officer arrived at the
spot.
©
9. I had made up my mind before my parents arrived to discuss

the matter.
10. She had finished laying the table before the guests called up.
41

C. Fill in the blanks with the future perfect tense of the verb in the
brackets.
1. will have bloomed
2. will have completed
3. will have joined
4. will have eaten
d
5. will have left
Lt
6. will have disappeared
t.
Pv
7. will have spent
8. will have shifted
es
9. will have finished
ic
10. will have occupied
rv
Se
D. Rewrite these sentences as instructed. Make other necessary
changes.
n
io
1. That man in the grey suit has written two successful books
at
last year.
uc
2. Instead of going for tuitions, Deepak had sneaked out to play

Ed
football.
3. The actor who had been playing the lead role became too ill
a
to go on stage.
di
In
4. We will have met before you leave.

n
5. The villagers will have noticed the breach in the embankment

so
when the water reaches the field.

ar
6. Everyone has known him to be a generous man.

Pe
7. I have been living in Delhi for ten years.

8. Rahul had been driving to work until he employed Ramesh
©
as his driver.
9. The electrician will have replaced the lights in the green room
by afternoon.
42

10. They had trekked for more than two weeks when they
reached the summit.
E. Underline the error in these sentences and write the correct

word in the blank. If there is no error, put a cross [✗].
2. I have finished painting when he called. had
3. I have cycled 10 kilometres by afternoon. will have
d
4. He is being unwell and has not eaten
Lt
for days. has been
t.
Pv
5. The criminals have fled before the
police came. had
es
6. The bird sanctuary in Bharatpur is
ic
been a tourist attraction for many
rv
decades. Se has
7. When I arrived, the team has finished
the work. had
n
io
8. Millie and Jennifer has played tennis

at
since they were seven years old. have been playing

uc
9. She has written the mail to them by

Ed
next Tuesday. will have written

10. The plumber will finished repairing the
a
di
pipes by next week. finish

In
n
so
ar
Pe
©
43

9 Non-Finites Verbs:
Infinitives and
Gerunds
d
Lt
t.
Pv
es
Read this story and identify the verbs.
ic
When the Time Traveller told us about his invention, none
rv
of us believed him. He said it with such a straight face that
Se
is was very difficult to know when he was playing a prank
n
and when he was being serious. He could be so clever that it

io
was difficult to separate fact from fiction. Now, a week later,

at
we were sitting at his table, on the chairs he had designed,

uc
waiting to listen to more of his stories.

Ed
How many of the verbs you have identified show the time of
the action? (7 verbs show the time of the action)
a
di
In
n
so
Learn
ar
Pe
Fill in the blanks with the infinitive forms of the verbs in the
brackets, with or without to.
©
1. to question
2. to go
3. to speak
44

4. to plant
5. to share
6. speaking
7. to look
8. to admit
9. to pluck
d
10. to play
Lt
11. to write
t.
Pv
12. to return
es
Practise
ic
rv
A. Join these sets of sentences using infinitives (with to).
Se
1. I studied hard to succeed.
n
2. I walk daily to sweat out fat.

io
3. I have engaged a private trainer to teach me karate.

at
uc
4. The sweater is too thick to wear.

5. It is snowing too heavily to play outside.
Ed
6. The book is too expensive to buy.

a
7. I need it to complete my project.

di
In
8. The dancers are too hungry to perform today.

n
9. The nation expects every citizen to do his duty.

so
10. The weights are too heavy to lift.

ar
11. Jeena swims daily to exercise.

Pe
12. The men worked hard to earn money.

©
13. The college appointed Mr. Suri to teach History.

14. It is Hariharan’s hobby to collect matchboxes.
15. The only way to escape punishment is to beg forgiveness.
45

B. Rewrite these sentences by replacing the highlighted verbs
with an infinitive. Make the necessary changes.
1. I agreed to clear the table.
2. The teacher expects the students to do their duty.
3. He has many dogs to look after.
4. We were elated to hear about her promotion.
d
5. The politician was sad to learn that his party had lost the
Lt
election.
t.
6. I had no money to buy her a gift.
Pv
7. My friend Bonnie was the first one to donate blood.
es
8. My neighbour’s son hopes to buy a new phone.
ic
9. The children were happy to see their favourite teacher.
rv
10. We all expected the clowns to do something funny.
Se
C. Complete these sentences using infinitives.
n
io
(Answers may vary)

at
1. He screamed on seeing the scarecrow.

uc
2. You need not go there to meet them.

Ed
3. I dare not go to the dentist.

4. Let me attempt taking up the risk.
a
di
5. The surgeon had many patients to attend to.

In
6. There was nobody to welcome the guests.

n
7. It was very nice of you to have come.

so
8. Wasn’t it mean of you to return her gift?

ar
Pe
9. It is not difficult for a musician to play every tune?

10. The nation expects us to be dutiful.
©
46

Learn
A. Rewrite each of these sentences using a gerund in place of the
infinitive.
1. Sujata likes decorating her room.
2. What do you like doing on Sundays?
d
3. Garima prefers working with a team.
Lt
4. The robber tried climbing down the pipe.
t.
Pv
5. The children began singing the school song.
6. Many children hate studying regularly.
es
7. You should continue assisting me every day.
ic
rv
8. Do girls still like playing with dolls?
Se
9. Why have they started leaving the field?
10. The visitors do not like staying alone in the guest house.
n
io
11. Anthony prefers driving to the city.

at
12. Does anyone like going to amusement parks?

uc
B. Read these sentences. Correct the errors, if any.

Ed
1. The passage is not only lyrical in style but easy to

a
comprehend.
di
2. Lying is a bad habit. It is not a habit easy to give up.

In
3. My sari needs ironing.

n
so
4. The captain refused to take charge.

ar
5. With some practice he is sure to win.

Pe
6. I shall be glad to share my lunch with you.

7. Can someone guide me to the station?
©
8. As a child, I hated to sing.

9. Do you believe winning is everything?
47

10. Swimming is his favourite form of exercise.
11. I tried to convince him, but I failed.
12. The teacher made me recite a poem.
C. Complete the passage using a non-finite form of the verb in the

brackets.
As a young man, the Captain enjoyed riding horses. He used to
d
cover great distances riding. The captain’s mother used to teach
Lt
in the local school and his father was the heir of a princely estate
t.
who loved hunting. On returning from school, his mother would
Pv
start cooking for the family. Smoke rose from the chimney, and
es
this indicated to the young boy that his mother had returned.
Every day, his father would have to meet a lot of people at home.
ic
Planning was a very important part of his daily work. As his
rv
mother worked in the kitchen and father talked, the young fellow
Se
used to jump around the house waiting for both to be free of
n
work. Sometimes, sitting in the library, hoping for them to finish

io
work, he would pick up a book or two. Thus, began a lifelong

at
passion for reading.

uc
Ed
a
di
In
n
so
ar
Pe
©
48

Activity
Collect interesting short stories and create a set of five
d
short answer questions for each. You may pick stories of
Lt
different genres to give to the students.
t.
Pv
First, explain the activity to the students. Then divide
them into groups of three and give one story to each of
es
the groups. Give them around ten to fifteen minutes to
ic
complete the activity. You may discuss all answers at the
rv
end. Se
n
io
at
uc
Ed
a
di
In
n
so
ar
Pe
©
49

10 Non-Finite Verbs:
Participles
d
Lt
t.
Think of words in the form verb + --ing or verb + -ed/
Pv
-d/-t/-en/-n to complete these sentences. Compare your notes
with those of your partner
es
• Writing the examination she looked at her watch,
ic
rv
• The stadium echoed with the sound of the applauding
Se
crowd.
• Asmita stared at the pieces of the broken vase.
n
io
• Standing by the lights, we held each other’s hands.

at
• Ayushi looks nice with open hair.

uc
Ed
a
di
Learn
In
n
Identify the participles in each of these sentences. State whether it

so
is a present or a past participle.

ar
1. Frightened – Past Participle

Pe
2. Running – Present Participle

©
3. Trembling – Present Participle

4. Blinded – Past Participle
5. Hearing – Present Participle
50

6. Experimenting – Present Participle
7. Thrilled – Past Participle
8. carrying – Present Participle
9. Drawing – Present Participle
10. Shocked – Past Participle
d
Practise
Lt
t.
A. Complete these sentences with the present or past participles of
Pv
the verbs in the brackets.
es
1. Satisfied
ic
2. Having knocked
rv
3. thinking Se
4. crying
n
5. Lost
io
6. approaching
at
7. earned
uc
8. Delayed
Ed
9. Resolving
a
10. Having failed

di
11. Moved
In
12. sleeping
n
so
B. Insert the participles in the brackets in the appropriate places to

ar
complete these sentences.

Pe
1. Climbing over the wall, the thief escaped.

©
2. Hearing the door slam, the guests became silent.

3. The roaring lion made the monkeys in the next cage uneasy.
4. Having slept, we felt afresh.
51

5. The travellers stopped and warmed their hands over the
burning coal.
6. Thanking the audience, she left the stage.
7. Dancing at the annual function, she sprained her foot.
8. Rewarded by the management, the young employee worked
harder.
d
9. The waters of the gurgling stream sparkled in the sunlight.
Lt
10. The hotel did not have running water.
t.
Pv
C. Join these sentences using participles.
1. Having no food, they starved.
es
2. Runnning at top speed, I caught the bus finally.
ic
rv
3. The flight being delayed, we arrived very late.
Se
4. Stumbling forward, we fell on the rock.
5. Reaching for the book of poems on the shelf, the teacher saw
n
a spider.
io
at
6. Bowing his head, he surrendered meekly.

uc
7. Marching ahead, the soldiers reached the border.

Ed
8. Alighting from the train, I looked for my cousin.

9. Being mesmerised by the scene, I stood still at the spot.
a
di
10. Picking up his stick, grandfather walked towards the door.

In
n
so
ar
Pe
©
52

11 Transitive and
Intransitive Verbs
d
Lt
Learn
t.
Pv
1. Randeep
es
2. A gift
ic
3. Supriya
rv
Se
Practise
n
A. Underline the verbs in these sentences and state if the verb has
io
at
been used transitively or intransitively. If the verb has been

used transitively, point out the object.
uc
1. A frog hopped into the kitchen. Transitive, kitchen

Ed
2. Diya watched television. Transitive, television

a
3. Manju drank a glass of milk. Transitive, milk

di
In
4. The children ate ice cream. Transitive, ice cream

n
5. The happy girls ran towards the ice-cream cart. Transitive,

so
ice-cream cart
ar
6. The crowd cheered the players. Transitive, players

Pe
7. Bring me a chair. Transitive, chair

8. He spoke rudely. Intransitive
©
9. A fire raged through the forest. Transitive, forest

10. The choir sang a wonderful song. Transitive, song
53

11. We sang Christmas carols for the congregation. Transitive,
Christmas carols
12. The glass broke. Intransitive
13. Meera sleeps in this bedroom. Transitive, bedroom
14. Meera moved the bed towards the wall. Transitive, bed
15. Kalki bought some potatoes for the pie. Transitive, potatoes
d
Lt
B. Fill in the blanks with direct and indirect objects from the box.
You may use a word more than once.
t.
Pv
1. She made some tea for Harsh.
2. We paid the plumber fifty rupees.
es
3. Father cooked brother a nice breakfast.
ic
rv
4. Aunt Helga told Harsh a story last night.
Se
5. They showed Ms Chandra many new dresses.
6. Leave your brother some of the task.
n
io
7. They have offered the chairmanship to Ms Chandra.

at
8. The teacher set us a difficult task.

uc
9. The children gifted the teacher a bunch of roses.

Ed
10. The magician performed some amazing tricks for us.

a
C. Indicate whether the verbs in these sentences are transitive or

di
intransitive. Name the object of each transitive verb and the

In
complements of each verb of incomplete predication.

n
1. Transitive, couch
so
2. Transitive, plants
ar
Pe
3. Transitive, ground
4. Intransitive
©
5. Intransitive
6. Transitive, pudding
7. Intransitive
54

8. Transitive, box
9. Transitive, rocking chair
10. Intransitive
11. Transitive, class monitor
12. Intransitive
d
Lt
t.
Pv
Activity
es
ic
rv
Make an exercise on transitive and intransitive sentences.
Se
Divide the class into two teams for this quiz. Explain the
rules of the quiz to the students. Read out one sentence at
n
a time and let the students say whether it is transitive or

io
intransitive. If it is transitive, ask the next team to identify

at
the verb. Every right answer can be given one mark.

uc
Ed
a
di
In
n
so
ar
Pe
©
55

12 Active and Passive
Voice
d
Lt
t.
Learn
Pv
Complete the table to show how the verb changes into the passive
es
from the active form in different tenses.
ic
Simple present He paints a wall. The wall is painted by
rv
him.
Se
Present continuous He is painting a wall. A wall is being
n
painted by him.
io
Present perfect He has painted a A wall has been

at
wall. painted by him.

uc
Simple past He painted a wall. A wall was painted

Ed
by him.
Past continuous He was painting a A wall was being
a
wall. painted by him.

di
In
Past perfect He had painted a A wall had been

wall painted by him.
n
so
Simple future He will paint a wall. A wall will be

painted by him.
ar
Future continuous He will be painting –

Pe
a wall.
©
Future perfect He will have painted A wall will have

a wall. been painted by him.
56

Practise
A. Identify the verbs in these sentences and state whether they are
in the active or in the passive voice.
1. The burglar was seen entering the house. Passive
2. I lent him my sweater. Active
d
Lt
3. John will surely help you. Active
t.
4. Gita opened the box carefully. Active
Pv
5. The floors have been wiped by me. Passive
es
6. I posted the letter yesterday. Active
ic
7. The wind caused severe damage to the plants. Active
rv
8. The treasure chest was hidden by the pirates. Passive
Se
9. The child was rescued by the zoo authorities. Passive
n
10. You must grow the flowers in a pot. Active

io
11. Karan gave me a jacket for my birthday. Active

at
12. The lights were switched off by the guard. Passive

uc
Ed
B. Here are some sentences either in the active voice or in the

passive voice. Choose the option which shows the correct
a
change in voice.
di
1. b. 2. b. 3. b. 4. b. 5. a.
In
6. b. 7. b. 8. b. 9. a. 10. a.
n
so
C. Change the voice in these sentences from active to passive.

ar
1. Can the needy be helped by you?

Pe
2. My handkerchief has been taken by somebody.

©
3. The camping ground was left in a mess by them.

4. The box was opened by Sukanto easily.
5. The silver vases were polished well by Bunny.
57

6. The necklace has not been found by anyone yet.
7. Good advice was given to her by the counsellor.
8. All the arrangements have been made by the organising
committee.
9. He was blamed for the failure by Amit’s family.
10. A gift was sent to me by my brother.
d
11. Were you invited by Kanika for the concert?
Lt
12. One’s promises should be kept by one.
t.
Pv
D. Change the verbs in these sentences into active voice. Make the
necessary changes.
es
1. Someone is watching us.
ic
rv
2. You do the cooking today. Se
3. We have accomplished the task.
4. The snake did not bite him.
n
io
5. Are you teaching Daisy?

at
6. This jug contains water.

uc
7. Who wrote this essay?

Ed
8. They have cut the wires

9. Your excellent culinary skills delighted us.
a
di
10. Bring me a glass of water.

In
11. I spent a very comfortable night at the hotel.

n
12. Anxious supporters of the national team crowded the streets.

so
13. The store delivered the groceries at my doorstep.

ar
Pe
14. The naughty boys painted the fence white.

15. The children aimed a large water balloon at a hawker.
©
58

Practise
A. Change the voice in these sentences.
1. We elected Ghosh, the captain.
2. She must be listened to sing by us.
3. His computer has stored the information.
d
Lt
4. We were asked to be silent.
t.
5. Did your employer ask you to update your data?
Pv
6. She was given a grand farewell by her subordinates.
es
7. The guards refused entry to the poor man.
ic
8. My sister ordered a cup of coffee.
rv
9. Start the exhibition. Se
10. Can the trunk be removed from the corner?
n
11. The tree was knocked down by the speeding car.

io
12. The large box was opened by Aditi’s cousin.

at
uc
B. Rewrite this passage in the active voice.

Ed
Amit opened the door. He switched on the lights and the

television. Somebody had broken the flower vase and it was lying
a
on the floor. It seemed that somebody had broken into the house.
di
He thought of informing the police. As he picked up the receiver

In
of the telephone to call the police, he realized that somebody had

n
cut the wire. Fear overtook him. His friends had warned him
so
about robberies in the locality. No one had paid any heed to their
ar
warnings.
Pe
©
59

Activity
Make teams of three or four. Give alternate teams the
d
topic to frame a list of Do’s and Don’ts for children when
Lt
they visit a zoo. Ask them to frame the instructions in the
t.
passive voice.
Pv
Ask the other teams to write a notice to informing parents
es
about the summer camp, in the active voice. Discuss the
ic
format of the notice with them. Highlight the important
rv
things to be that the notice must carry, i.e. date, place,
Se
duration of the camp, etc.
n
io
at
uc
Ed
a
di
In
n
so
ar
Pe
©
60

13 Subject-Verb
Agreement
d
Lt
Learn
t.
Pv
Choose the correct form of the verb given within the brackets.
es
1. prefer 2. has 3. is 4. is 5. has
6. moves 7. Is 8. is 9. is 10. Do; have
ic
rv
11. are 12. have 13. has 14. was
Se 15. was
16. has 17. has 18. are 19. is 20. were
n
io
Practise
at
uc
A. In these sentences, identify the pronoun, noun or the phrase

that the highlighted verb agrees with.
Ed
1. The driver
a
2. Some students
di
In
3. Lalit
4. One of the boys
n
so
5. her parents
ar
6. Playing cricket
Pe
7. Some animals
8. population
©
9. John and his family
61

10. Children
B. Identify the errors in these sentences, if any. Rewrite them

correctly in your notebook.
1. The twins plays the guitar. play
2. The boys wants to play in the rain. want
3. Neither Ramesh nor Rima was present.
d
Lt
4. The noted orator and scholar have arrived for the function.
has
t.
Pv
5. Iron ore, as well as copper, is found in this area.
6. Are the news true? Is
es
7. Much of the coffee have spilled over. has
ic
rv
8. Many of the items have been overpriced.
Se
9. Twenty kilometres is quite a distance to cover.
10. Everyone were welcome at the meet. was
n
io
11. Neither the students nor their teacher have called us. has
at
12. The audience were cheering with gusto.

uc
C. In each of these passages, a verb has been incorrectly used in

Ed
each line. Identify the incorrect verb and write the correct one
in the space provided.
a
di
1. Rita, as well as her family, have decided to go to Puri. has

In
The details of the plan has been worked out. Now the have
n
arrangements has to be made soon. Naturally have

so
everyone in the family are very excited. A is

ar
Pe
few members has started packing too. have

The luggage are probably going to be heavy. is
©
In fact, each one have packed a suitcase full of clothes. has

Everyone want to be well dressed during a vacation. wants
62

2. Neither Sima nor Kavi have agreed to accept the new has
positions. The company have to take a decision fast. has
Little remain to be done if they stick to their stand remains
Everyone are supporting them right now. is
When they agrees the situation will improve. agree
However as things stands now one will have to
d
wait and stand
Lt
watch. Seema and I was at a meeting to discuss this. were
t.
Pv
D. In each of these sentences, insert a verb in agreement with the
subject.
es
1. are 2. is 3. is 4. is 5. is
ic
rv
6. has 7. are 8. is Se 9. were 10. was
n
io
at
Activity
uc
Ed
You may write interesting words on cards and place them

a
in a box. You may choose to make as many cards as there

di
are students in the classroom.

In
Make groups of five. Ask one student from each group

n
to pick up five cards. Instruct the students to make five

so
sentences using these words. The sentences should be

ar
grammatically correct.
Pe
©
63

14 Modals and
Auxiliaries
d
Lt
Learn
t.
Pv
Fill in the blanks with suitable primary auxiliaries.
es
1. is 2. am 3. Do 4. have 5. had
ic
6. Did 7. were 8. was 9. are 10. is; has
rv
11. have 12. does 13. is Se 14. have 15. had
Practise
n
io
at
A. Read these passages. There is a primary auxiliary missing in

uc
each line.
Ed
Rewrite the passages with the missing word.

1. It / a long time ago at some sales meeting. was
a
di
Madhu / to give a speech. Due to a traffic jam, had

In
She/ late. While she hurried up the stage, she was

n
bumped into Anisha. She/ holding a pile of was

so
papers in her hand. Papers /flying all around. were

ar
Madhu /furious although Anisha apologised to her. was

Pe
2. Bats /the only mammals that truly fly. are

©
Bats / found all over the world. are

A typical bat /the Pipistrelle. is
It/ a wingspan of eight-and-a-half inches, has
64

And/ covered with silky fur, reddish brown above
and paler below. is
It/ a broad head, a blunt muzzle, and triangular ears. has
B. Fill in the blanks with will / shall / would / should.

1. will 2. should 3. will 4. will 5. Shall
6. shall 7. will 8. would 9. would 10. Should
d
Lt
11. Should 12. shall
t.
C. Strike out the incorrect option in each of these sentences. In one
Pv
of the sentences, both options are correct.
es
1. shall 2. must 3. May 4. would 5. would
ic
6. must 7. must 8. could 9. Can 10. Will
rv
11. Should 12. Will Se
D. Complete the sentences using must, mustn’t, need, needn’t or
n
ought to.
io
1. mustn’t 2. mustn’t 3. must 4. ought to 5. Must

at
uc
6. mustn’t 7. needn’t 8. ought to 9. ought to 10. needn’t

Ed
11. must 12. need; mustn’t 13. must
E. Complete the letter using the appropriate modals.

a
di
1. must 2. must 3. must 4. must

In
5. will 6. should
n
so
F. Read this passage. There are errors in the usage of modals.

ar
Write the correct word in the space provided. Put a cross [✗] if
there are no errors.
Pe
Incorrect Correct
©
The label can be removed before cooking. can should

Then, the cookware could be rinsed in could should
warm soapy water. It is advisable to keep ✗ ✗
65

to low heat. The cookware would never would must
be used on high heat. Very high ✗ ✗
temperatures would cause sticking. would could
The handles used to also loosen. used to might
However, one should not worry about the should need
maintenance as it is quite easy. ✗ ✗
d
The vessel might be cleaned with a liquid might must
Lt
detergent. One cannot use a sharp detergent. cannot should not
t.
Pv
es
ic
rv
Se
Activity
n
io
Ask the students to sit in pairs. One student in each pair

at
may write five modals on a chit of paper. The partner

uc
will make sentences using those modals and then ask his
Ed
partner to read out those sentences. As the sentences are

read out, explain to the students if a modal has not been
a
used correctly.
di
In
n
so
ar
Pe
©
66

15 Direct and Indirect
Speech
d
Lt
Learn
t.
Pv
1. Rohit told his mother that he was going to Goa on a business
es
trip.
ic
2. Mr Roy told me that my father and he went to the same school.
rv
3. Ashima told Rohan to finish his homework or they would not
Se
be allowed to watch the film.
n
4. Mrs Singh shouted out to her neighbour that she could not hear
io
her because there was too much noise.

at
5. Mohan told Ruth that if he had known that they would make
uc
fun of him, he would not have befriended them.

Ed
6. The gardener told the boys not to touch the flowers.

a
7. The doctor told Rishi to go for a health check-up every month.

di
8. Vivek warned Naksh that he would fail in his examinations if he

In
did not study.

n
9. Sudipta told the group that they would meet at Deepak’s house
so
for the discussion.

ar
10. The receptionists told the guests that they did not have any
Pe
more rooms available.

©
67

Practise
A. Complete the pairs of sentences with the correct words or
phrases from those given in the brackets. There are some extra
words in the brackets.
1. me; requested; her
d
Lt
2. You; your; said; advised; her
3. you; said; warned; them; their
t.
Pv
4. us; this; suggested; should; that
5. I; said; informed; he
es
ic
B. Identify the errors in the reported speech and correct them.
rv
1. She told her mother that she was nothungry.
Se
2. John told Mary that he was going to the office.
n
3. He told him that he seemed upset.

io
4. Raju said that he thought he had sprained his ankle.

at
uc
5. Kajal told her mother that she should have eggs and
sandwiches for breakfast.
Ed
6. Naveen informed him that he would leave office at 7 p.m.

a
7. Ankit said that he would drop me home.

di
8. Rachna told Mahendra that she would forgive him if he

In
admitted his mistakes.

n
so
C. Rewrite these sentences using direct speech.

ar
1. Neena said to Rinku, ‘You are being very naughty.’

Pe
2. He said to me, ‘I found the money in the park.’

©
3. The astrologer said, ‘She will be famous one day.’

4. The little boy said to the old woman, ‘My father is in the
army.’
68

5. The nurse said to the grandmother, ‘You must drink the milk
if you want to recover quickly.’
6. Manju said, ‘I was the one who broke the glass vase.’
7. Palak said to me, ‘I want to prepare well for the examination.’
8. Several years ago Galileo said, ‘The earth goes around the
sun.’
d
9. The poor man said to the authorities, ‘Please do not demolish
Lt
my home.’
t.
10. Sobbing Jatin said to Swapna, ‘My wallet has been stolen.’
Pv
Learn
es
ic
Rewrite these sentences in indirect speech.
rv
1. Rina asked me why I was leaving for the hostel so soon.
Se
2. Meera asked if she could borrow that book for a day.
n
3. Trina asked the coach how many hours he should exercise every
io
day.
at
uc
4. I asked the captain if I was fit to go on a trek.

Ed
5. Harish asked if Rita had returned from school that day.

6. Mina asked if it would be possible for her to return in a day
a
from Siliguri.
di
In
7. Gargi asked if those mangoes were from Malda or from Patna.

8. I asked when her flight would leave the next day.
n
so
9. Ginia asked me where I would be next month.

ar
10. I asked my dance teacher which costume I should wear for my

Pe
programme next Monday.

11. I asked her if she was absolutely sure that the meeting had been
©
held the day before.

12. Sampa asked her mother if she would help her with the cooking
that day.
69

Practise
A. Rewrite these sentences in indirect speech.
1. Seema advised me to go to a doctor soon.
2. Daryl requested me to get him a sponsor for his expedition.
3. Nitu suggested Yamini to sit down if she was feeling dizzy.
d
Lt
4. The doctor warned his patient that he would faint if he went
t.
out in the sun.
Pv
5. The captain ordered the men to follow their leader at all
times.
es
6. My mother advised me to have my medicines on time.
ic
rv
7. Shireen requested us to be quiet for a minute as she could not
Se
hear the announcement.
8. Nita warned Romi not to exercise without consulting a
n
physician.
io
at
9. I requested him to be kind and forgive my brother.

uc
10. The principal ordered the pupil not to leave the room till he
Ed
gave him permission to do so.

11. Rita asked Trina if she would drop her home after school the
a
next day.
di
In
12. Harish suggested that Romit ask for a second opinion before
the surgery.
n
so
B. Rewrite these sentences in indirect speech.

ar
1. The man exclaimed with disappointment that it was bad luck.

Pe
2. The students shouted with joy that they had won the inter-
school competition.
©
3. The teacher cheered that the students had done well.

4. The man exclaimed with sorrow that he had failed again.
70

5. The elderly man wished that I may achieve much success.
6. The man pleaded to forgive him.
7. The girl wished for some sunshine to brighten up that day.
8. The citizen wished that it rained to end that heat.
9. I wished that God may grant me peace.
10. She exclaimed with sorrow that there was no one to support
d
him in that hour of crisis.
Lt
C. Change these sentences from indirect to direct speech.
t.
Pv
1. Paula said to her mother, ‘Please allow me to watch the
Independence Day programme on television.’
es
2. Tinni said, ‘What a beautiful piece of sculpture!’
ic
rv
3. I said to her, ‘Do you want me to do the work alone?’
Se
4. Guddi said to me, ‘How did you escape the fire yesterday?’
5. My mother said to me, ‘You have to finish packing the gifts
n
before noon today.’

io
at
6. Mary said to the children, ‘Settle down!’

uc
7. I said to the hotel manager, ‘Which room has the best

Ed
mountain view?’
8. The boy said to Kunal, ‘Please help me.’
a
di
9. John said, ‘The glaciers are melting at a tremendous rate

In
because of global warming.’

n
10. Peter said to me, ‘You must wear a raincoat in case it rains in
so
the afternoon.’
ar
D. Read this dialogue and fill in the blanks.

Pe
Wendy told Judy that her husband and children ate half the
©
cake that she had baked during the weekend. Judy asked her
why she had not eaten. Wendy replied that the doctor had told
her to avoid sweets.
71

She bemoaned that she lacked the will power to stay away from
sweets because the next day she had had the other half.
Judy asked what her husband had said after he had found out.
At this, Wendy proudly stated that he had never found out
because she had made another cake and ate half of that.
d
Lt
t.
Pv
Activity
es
ic
Divide the class into groups of four. You may give each
rv
group a video link which is a narrative or an informative
Se
talk. Ask them to view it at home. Tell them to make a
note of their observations on a sheet of paper. The next
n
day explain the activity to the students. Ask them to write

io
about the video. One pair from each team will write using
at
direct speech while the other pair will write using indirect
uc
speech. Give them a time within which they must complete

Ed
the task. After which, tell them to exchange what they have
written and check it for errors.
a
di
In
n
so
ar
Pe
©
72

16 Position Of Adverbs
d
Lt
t.
Pv
Complete these sentences by inserting a suitable word.
(Answers may vary)
es
• He never fooled us.
ic
rv
• Dhruv memorised the poem thoroughly.Se
• We sat hurriedly in the car.
• The men shouted loudly like hooligans.
n
io
• Pankaj has just returned from his aunt’s house.

at
uc
Ed
a
Learn
di
In
Identify the adverbs in these sentences and state their kind.

n
1. usually – frequency 2. carefully – manner

so
3. everywhere − place 4. rather – degree

ar
5. fluently – manner 6. quite − degree

Pe
7. thrice – degree or quantity 8. very − degree

©
9. quite − degree 10. never – frequency

11. enough – degree 12. here − place
73

13. before – time 14. quite – degree
15. sometimes − frequency
Practise
A. Replace the highlighted words with adverbs from the box. You
may use the dictionary to see the meanings of some of these
d
Lt
words.
1. wearily 2. prematurely 3. zestfully
t.
Pv
4. diabolically 5. deliberately 6. famously
7. serenely 8. Initially 9. steadily
es
10. gingerly 11. sensibly 12. Single-mindedly
ic
rv
13. Viciously 14. nastily Se 15. readily
B. Here are some adverbs of manner, place, time and frequency.

n
Place them in the correct columns.

io
at
Manner Place Time Frequency

uc
gracefully here next ever

Ed
perfectly down sometimes

politely across hardly
a
di
patiently inside
In
carefully
n
slowly
so
melodiously
ar
quietly
Pe
well
©
angrily
peacefully
74

C. Examine the sentences and state whether the highlighted words
are adverbs or adjectives.
1. News travels fast. Adverb
My brother likes fast cars. Adjective
2. Rahul calls his mother daily. Adverb
The daily wages of a labourer is not enough to feed his
d
family. Adjective
Lt
3. The doctor visits the village weekly. Adverb
t.
The doctor’s weekly visits are eagerly awaited by the
Pv
villagers. Adjective
es
4. Arun is the best boy in the class. Adjective
ic
Asha’s behaviour is the best. Adverb
rv
5. Ajit works hard all day. Adverb Se
It is a hard life for Ajit and his family. Adjective
n
6. Our friendly neighbour is always ready to help. Adjective

io
Our neighbour’s behaviour is friendly. Adverb

at
uc
7. The man you are looking for lives in the next house. Adjective
When will we meet next? Adverb
Ed
8. The burglar escaped through the back door. Adjective

a
Finding the house locked, he decided to go back. Adverb

di
In
9. The patient’s pulse was very weak. Adverb

n
His weak pulse troubled the doctor. Adjective

so
10. The tempo went slow over the bumps and stones. Adverb
ar
What a slow car this is! Adjective

Pe
©
75

Learn
Insert the adverb in the brackets in the correct place.
1. I usually prefer tea to coffee.
2. It can get very cold in Sikkim during that time.
3. Toto is quite an energetic boy.
d
Lt
4. He will come here today.
t.
5. I have often been told about this.
Pv
6. My mother has just gone to the market.
es
7. We seldom agree on any matter.
ic
8. Is it true that you have recently joined this company?
rv
9. We need to do this immediately. Se
10. We should go there tomorrow.
11. My sister never cooks at home.
n
io
12. I always exercise on Sundays.

at
uc
Practise
Ed
A. State whether the highlighted words are adjectives or adverbs.

a
di
1. Adverb 2. Adverb 3. Adjective 4. Adjective 5. Adverb

In
6. Adjective 7. Adverb 8. Adverb 9. Adjective 10. Adverb

n
so
B. Rewrite these sentences, inserting the adverbs in the brackets

in the correct place.
ar
1. They seldom call us for meals.

Pe
2. I have just seen Anshul at the theatre.

©
3. The dogs barked furiously at night.

4. I saw Bina crying bitterly yesterday.
76

5. I quickly placed my hand on the door.
6. He already knows the way to my house.
7. The children quietly sat under the tree.
8. She carefully wrapped each piece of jewellery in paper.
9. Aishwarya greeted me warmly in the mall this evening.
10. We have to dress formally for the party in Asha’s house
d
tomorrow.
Lt
C. Correct these sentences.
t.
Pv
2. Rakesh speaks French very fluently.
3. Uncle directly came from Bangkok.
es
4. Wear your sweater. It is bitterly cold today.
ic
rv
5. We were very tired when we got home.
Se
6. She was careless enough to make a mistake.
7. The judge was kind enough to listen to his plea.
n
io
8. We were very glad to see you.

at
9. This box is too heavy for me.

uc
10. Father is very disturbed with my little brother.

Ed
D. Use these adverbs to make sentences.

a
(Answers may vary.)

di
In
n
so
ar
Pe
©
77

Activity
Bring two boxes to class. One labelled ‘subject’ and the
d
other labelled ‘adverb’.
Lt
Ask the students to take two strips of paper each. Explain
t.
Pv
to them that they have to write a subject on one and an
adverb on the other. Tell the students to fold the strips of
es
paper and place them in the two boxes correctly.
ic
Now, ask each student to come up one by one and pick
rv
a strip of folded paper from each box. Ask them to make
Se
a sentence using the subject and the adverb. The other
students must listen carefully and correct the student if the
n
adverb is placed incorrectly.

io
at
You may divide the class into two groups and give the
uc
students one point for each correct answer. This may make
the activity more competitive.
Ed
a
di
In
n
so
ar
Pe
©
78

17 More On Adverbs
d
Lt
Learn
t.
Pv
Change the adverb in the brackets into the comparative or
es
superlative form as directed.
ic
1. most reluctantly 2. faster 3. best
rv
4. more systematically 5. better Se 6. most suspiciously
7. more comfortably 8. most heavily 9. most certainly
n
10. most effectively

io
at
Practise
uc
Ed
A. Compare these adverbs.

(Answers may vary)
a
di
1. often, more often, most often

In
2. Patiently, more patiently, most patiently

n
3. skilfully, more skilfully, most skilfully

so
4. hard, harder, hardest

ar
5. suddenly, more suddenly, most suddenly

Pe
6. recently, more recently, most recently

©
79

B. Give appropriate adverbs for these verbs.
(Answers may vary)
2. march swiftly 3. creep slowly
4. whisper softly 5. mimic nicely
6. display wonderfully 7. sneeze loudly
8. speak rudely 9. sing beautifully
d
10. drive slowly
Lt
t.
C. Rewrite each sentence replacing the adverb with another
Pv
adverb, from the box, with similar meaning.
2. unreasonably, rather
es
3. consciously, unintentionally, one day
ic
rv
4. immediately, elegantly. Se
5. utterly, repeatedly
6. consciously, thoughtfully
n
io
7. splendidly
at
8. stealthily
uc
9. reluctantly
Ed
10. suspiciously, rather

a
di
In
n
so
ar
Pe
©
80

Activity
Make teams of five. Ask each team to think of five adverbs
d
of manner. Put these up on the board. Give each of these to
Lt
five different teams and ask them to enact the adverb.
t.
Pv
Alternatively, the teams may write down five adverbs of
manner on pieces of paper, fold them and put them in a
es
box. Ask a member of any of the teams to pick an adverb
ic
and enact it. His/her team will guess the adverb. Each
rv
correct guess will get one point. Se
n
io
at
uc
Ed
a
di
In
n
so
ar
Pe
©
81

18 Prepositions
d
Lt
t.
Learn
Pv
Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions from the brackets.
es
1. with 2. on 3. on 4. on 5. about
ic
6. along; to 7. of 8. before 9. under 10. with; for
rv
Se
Practise
n
io
A. Identify the prepositions in these sentences and state their

at
kind.
uc
1. across – place 2. over − place

Ed
3. from – position 4. with – purpose

a
5. to – direction 6. up − direction
di
7. to – place 8. until – time

In
9. to − agent 10. To – agent; by − agent

n
so
Identify the object of the preposition in each of these sentences.

ar
1. music 2. the floor 3. the balcony 4. here

Pe
5. his 6. the deer 7. walking 8. the office, John

©
9. two mugs; shelf 10. the tree
82

C. Look at this map. Mini is expecting her friend George for
lunch. However, he seems a bit lost. Help Mini give George
directions to her house from the fire station. On the way, help
him pick up some groceries for her.
(Answers may vary)
d
Lt
t.
Pv
es
ic
rv
Se
n
io
at
uc
George you are near the fire station. Come straight from the
Ed
fire station, then take a left turn towards the police station. Go
straight and take a right turn, again a left turn and again a right
a
turn. Across the road are a fruit and a grocery shop. My house
di
In
is right on the main road beside a yellow coloured house with a

red roof. On the way, please buy some groceries from the grocery
n
so
shop. You will find some bread kept on a wooden shelf and some
eggs kept on the counter. Please buy a loaf of bread and six eggs
ar
from the grocer.

Pe
©
83

Learn
Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions. You may use simple
compound or phrasal prepositions.
1. to 2. on 3. till 4. to 5. by
6. with 7. In 8. In 9. Despite 10. at; in
d
11. under 12. before 13. towards 14. amongst 15. to; with
Lt
t.
Pv
Practise
es
A. Identify the errors and correct them. All sentences may not
ic
have errors.
rv
1. Owing to his ill health, he took premature retirement.
Se
2. Sarah ran into the house and bounded up the stairs.
n
3. They were sitting at the rear end of the room.

io
4. The boy stood alone in the middle of the road.

at
5. I was driving up to Gwalior all by myself. I was moving along

uc
at seventy kilometres an hour, leaning comfortably against

Ed
my seat. Ahead of me, I spotted a man asking for a lift. I

brought the car to a stop beside him. I always stopped for
a
di
hitchhikers.
In
6. Toni sat at the back of a grey car, beside Katherine who was a
n
blonde woman of Toni’s age.

so
7. She and I walked around the lake and talked about the old
ar
stories the locals told us about the old temple, now almost in
Pe
ruins.
8. There were two men beside the helicopter. One of them
©
pointed to the control tower. The pilot and the co-pilot were
employees of a London banker. They had filed a flight plan to
84

Battersea Heliport, which was just above the river from
Mr Adam’s house in Cheyne Walk.
B. Prateek has always had problems with using prepositions.

Help him complete this letter of complaint by inserting the
correct prepositions in the blanks.
Shiva Building
d
M D Road
Lt
Mumbai
t.
Pv
Dear Sir/Madam
es
I wish to register my dissatisfaction with the service that I have
ic
received from the staff at your Meerut branch.
rv
I opened a savings account, and arranged a monthly standing
Se
order of `20,000/- to be made to my account, held by another
n
branch.
io
However, the last time I asked for a mini-statement, I noticed that

at
there had not been a credit in my savings account for the last two
uc
months, despite the fact that the money had been to my current
Ed
account.
Enclosed are copies of both the relevant statements. I am,
a
di
therefore, appealing to you for a thorough investigation in this

In
matter, and look forward to hearing from you.

n
so
Yours faithfully
ar
Prateek Chauhan
Pe
C. In this paragraph, some prepositions have been incorrectly

©
used. Rewrite the paragraph using the correct prepositions.

I borrowed some money from my teacher as I had lost my wallet.
I had kept it on the top drawer of the wooden table. I looked in
all the drawers but could not find it.
85

The wallet was made of leather and was a gift from my elder
brother who lives in China. Besides the money there were quite a
few bills in the wallet. I know I will manage with the money that
my teacher has given me. But I cannot do without the wallet and
the bills. Who could have stolen it?
Should I look at the CCTV footage? I wondered. I should have
abided by the rules and kept the wallet in the school locker. I
d
must learn from my mistake and refrain from breaking rules.
Lt
t.
Pv
es
ic
Activity
rv
Se
Choose a student who will be the den. Ask the student to
n
wait outside the class for a few seconds. Hide an object in

io
the class. Now call the student inside. Instruct the student
at
on the kind of questions that he/she may ask in order

uc
to find the hidden object. Encourage the student to ask

Ed
questions using as many prepositions as possible. The

other students may help the den by giving a few hints.
a
Alternatively, you may turn the activity into a hunt

di
In
by hiding a few objects in the classroom and asking

the students to find the objects by asking appropriate
n
so
questions.
ar
Pe
©
86

19 Conjunctions
d
Lt
t.
Match the columns to make complete sentences.
Pv
I was tired so I went to bed early.
es
Maya and Piya are going to watch a
ic
film.
rv
You may write the letter or type it on the computer.
Se
You can order fish curry while we order something
with rice vegetarian.
n
io
Submit your homework or the teacher will scold you.

at
The days are hot and the nights are cold.

uc
He was slow but he was sure.

Ed
Rasul was sleeping while I was watching

television.
a
di
In
n
so
Learn
ar
Pe
Fill in the blanks with coordinating conjunctions.

1. The girl is studious but she is nervous.
©
2. I wanted to buy a basket of fruits and a sack of rice.

3. Mary and I have made a plan.
87

4. I think we will succeed in our mission as we have all worked
hard.
5. We should plant some of the saplings but we should not plant
them in pots.
6. I was livid but I controlled my temper.
7. I was tired, hence I lay down briefly.
d
8. My employers like me and they are always supportive.
Lt
9. My father does not like fish, neither does he like meat.
t.
10. I am unwell, therefore I think I will stay at home today.
Pv
11. She might drink tea or coffee but I will have a cold drink.
es
12. You must practise regularly or you will not be selected.
ic
Practise
rv
Se
A. Join these sets of sentences using coordinating conjunctions.
n
io
1. I spoke softly but he heard me clearly.

at
2. The animal escaped because the cage door was open.

uc
3. She could not come to school because she was sick.

Ed
4. She neither wept nor begged.

a
5. The residents went to meet the Mayor but he refused to see

di
them.
In
6. Anjali is a gifted dancer and a musician.

n
7. Although the designer was tired, she went back to her

so
drawings.
ar
8. I heard her go up the stairs and enter the room.

Pe
9. I neither like exercise nor yoga.

©
10. The weather was pleasant and the sky was clear.
11. Tina is learning Latin and French.
12. Father washed the dishes and I wiped them.
88

13. The horse stopped as it was thirsty.
14. Although we had a long and tiring day, we were not sleepy.
B. Match columns A and B to make complete sentences. Identify

the conjunctions in them.
1. I could not attend the function as my mother was unwell.
2. I want to do the German course because it will improve my
d
chances of getting a job.
Lt
3. I found the purse where I had dropped it.
t.
Pv
4. As Kallol felt sorry he apologised profusely
5. Janaki asked me if I liked her dress.
es
6. She has not called up since she left for the hostel.
ic
rv
7. I sent her an email as soon as I got the news.
Se
8. Although he ran to the bus stop he missed the first bus.
9. I believe that he is hard working.
n
io
10. It snowed so heavily that we had to postpone our trip.

at
11. We reached the auditorium after the chief guest had left.
uc
12. You know that Jupiter is larger than the earth.

Ed
C. Join these sentences with suitable conjunctions.

a
1. I believe in the importance of hard work and my parents

di
believe it too.
In
2. He was angry so he shouted loudly.

n
so
3. I will cook for you if you want this.

ar
4. Give me some food as I am hungry.

Pe
5. I am tall but my father is taller.

6. He loves her deeply but he is not partial towards her.
©
7. I cannot believe her as I have lost faith.

8. The victim lay on the ground while people around him kept
shouting.
89

9. The thief ran because he did not want to be beaten.
10. I came across a college friend while I was walking towards
the market.
11. I felt bad as he was crying.
12. He rested for a day because he had sprained his ankle.
D. Identify the conjunctions in these sentences and state
d
whether they are coordinating, subordinating or correlative
Lt
conjunctions.
t.
Pv
1. Make hay while the sun shines. Coordinating
2. Neither Rajiv nor Shefali has applied for the post. Correlative
es
3. I, as well as my friend, have a ticket for the show. Correlative
ic
4. I shall contact you before it is too late. Coordinating
rv
Se
5. Take some time off if you wish. Coordinating
6. Either he has to apologise or the deal is off. Correlative
n
7. We are organising a school fete so that we may raise some

io
at
funds. Subordinating
uc
8. I asked her whether she was ready for the responsibility.

Subordinating
Ed
9. Not only did he speak French but also spoke German

a
fluently. Correlative
di
10. As he was not present at that time he knows nothing.

In
Subordinating
n
so
11. It seems that he is a winner. Coordinating

ar
12. Not only is Josun a great orator but he is also a good singer.
Correlative
Pe
13. The sky was clear but it was extremely humid. Subordinating
©
14. No sooner had I put the phone down than it rang again.
Correlative
90

E. The conjunctions in these sentences have not been used
correctly. Identify the error and rewrite the sentences.
1. Neither he nor I was present that day.
2. Such was his concentration that he got full marks.
3. The musician played and the pupils danced.
4. I am fit as I practise yoga.
d
5. The tram was so crowded that we could not get off.
Lt
6. The teachers will not come if it rains in the morning.
t.
Pv
7. Although I arrived on time, I did not meet anyone.
8. Ravi needed some extra money so he took up a part time job.
es
9. Either he is angry or he is unwell today.
ic
10. Seema walked to the market as she wanted to enjoy the good
rv
weather.
Se
11. You can keep your bags if you wish.
n
12. Although I was exhausted, I was happy.

io
at
uc
Ed
a
di
Activity
In
n
Write down as many conjunctions as possible on different

so
pieces of paper and put them in a box. Encourage students

ar
to come by turns and pick a conjunction and make sentence

Pe
using it. The other students may correct the sentence, if it is

framed incorrectly.
©
91

20 Kinds of Phrases
d
Lt
t.
Mark these as sentence (S) or phrase (P).
Pv
• Mary had a little lamb. S
es
• a little lamb P
ic
• The spider climbed up the water spout. S
rv
• up the water spout Se P
n
io
at
Learn
uc
Ed
Use these phrases to make sentences. Say what question they

answer in the sentence.
a
(Answers may vary)

di
In
1. The teacher writes on the black board? (where does the teacher
write?)
n
so
2. The rabbit is in the garden. (Where is the rabbit?)

ar
3. He read out the story in a lazy manner. (How did he read out
Pe
the story?)
4. We just won the match without much effort. (How did they win
©
the match?)
5. I attended the meeting the previous day. (When did they attend
the meeting?)
92

6. Man landed on the moon, at this very moment. (When did Man
land on the moon?)
7. The man behaved in an awkward way. (How did the man
behave?)
8. In those days a special train ran from Mumbai to Thane. (What
happened in those days?)
9. He came just at the time of the meeting. (When did he come?)
d
Lt
10. I saw snow on the mountaintop. (Where did you see the snow?)
t.
Pv
Practise
es
A. Complete the sentences with appropriate noun phrases.
ic
1. I want Raghav to do this work.
rv
2. Jeetu likes to eat apples.
Se
3. The task is very difficult.
n
io
4. We all hope for better results.

at
5. Do you think we will get the tickets?

uc
6. It is easier to sing than to dance.

Ed
7. Sita was of great help.

8. Life sometimes is like an ice cream as it melts very quickly.
a
di
B. Replace the adjectives in each sentence with an adjective

In
phrase without changing the meaning of the sentence.

n
so
1. Next to the garden is a house in ruins.

ar
2. A tiger that is white is a rare thing to see,

Pe
3. Being taught by a teacher that is kind is always a pleasant

experience.
©
4. The flowers that are blue are from my garden.

5. A track that is in a forest can be quite uneven.
6. The gentleman in the suit is the committee’s chairman.
93

7. It was a night that was terrible.
8. That was surely an act that was stupid.
9. A statue made of marble was erected by the family.
10. I was lucky to have a nurse that was kind.
C. Underline the adjective phrases in this paragraph.

As Rina entered the garden by the river, she noticed a banyan
d
Lt
tree with a swing. Two girls wearing short orange dresses were
running around the tree. The tree with a huge canopy was home
t.
Pv
to birds of many hues. As dusk set in, the sky, dotted with stars,
looked like a canopy of magic. The two little girls, frolicking
es
around the swing, were not ready to go home. Thinking about
ic
the memories of the past, Rina settled down to enjoy an evening
rv
of contentment. Se
D. Underline the adverb phrases in these sentences.
n
1. The arrow with a sharp point fell at this spot.

io
2. In a brave manner, the soldiers from the battalion marched

at
forward.
uc
3. We sat for a while under the banyan tree in the park.

Ed
4. I stood on the bridge at around noon waiting for my friends.

a
5. They walked with some difficulty.

di
6. We stood in complete darkness.

In
7. The employees were at the door near the gate.

n
so
8. Tim left many years ago.

ar
9. The car swerved in a violent manner.

Pe
10. I studied with concentration till sunset.

©
E. Replace the highlighted adverbs with suitable adverb phrases.

1. I will sign at this very moment.
2. The blizzard blew very fiercely.
94

3. Answer the questions so that they are clear.
4. I walked without a purpose all around.
5. Minati met me at that moment.
6. The speaker delivered the lecture with eloquence.
7. You should learn to speak English with fluency.
8. He treated the offenders without mercy.
d
9. The policeman spoke to the child with gentleness.
Lt
10. I suppose you know that my books are available all around
t.
Pv
F. The passage has some highlighted phrases. State whether these
are adjective, adverb or noun phrases. Put them in the correct
es
columns.
ic
rv
Noun Phrase Adjective Phrase
Se Adverb Phrase
of the locality of many shapes and At sunrise
colour
n
io
for one’s health with colourful bags to fly in all

at
directions
uc
lined with trees of quiet manners shining bright

Ed
with the army to emerge

of bright children Exercising regularly
a
with merriment to join them

di
In
with hearty joy

to prove them
n
so
wrong
in the morning
ar
a bit foggy
Pe
by the laughter
©
at the corner of the

park
95

Activity
Write a few sentences on a sheet of paper and take it
d
to class. Divide the class into two teams. Read out the
Lt
sentences and ask the teams to identify the phrases in them
t.
and identify what kind they are. You may award the teams
Pv
points to make the game interesting.
es
ic
rv
Se
n
io
at
uc
Ed
a
di
In
n
so
ar
Pe
©
96

21 Kinds of Clauses
d
Lt
Learn
t.
Pv
Identify the main clause and the subordinate clause in each of
these sentences.
es
1. Although she was nervous (subordinate), she gave a
ic
spectacular performance (main).
rv
Se
2. Mona gave the pointers (main), but Lata wrote the essay
(subordinate).
n
3. The boy ran so fast (main) that he fell down (subordinate).

io
at
4. Amit found the book (main) that I was looking for

uc
(subordinate).
Ed
5. The accused confessed (main) that he was guilty of the crime

(subordinate).
a
6. Mr Kumar is the politician (main) who won the last election

di
(subordinate).
In
7. Ronny remembers the man (main) who followed him to

n
so
school (subordinate).
8. Shikha visits her grandfather (main) because she is fond of
ar
him (subordinate).
Pe
9. We went to the museum (main) but Ayush got bored

©
(subordinate).
10. Madhu was perturbed (main) that her friend hadn’t called her
(subordinate).
97

11. My aunt cooks well (main) because she took lessons from
Nigella (subordinate).
12. Despite the chaos, (subordinate) they completed the task
(main).
Practise
d
Lt
A. Complete these sentences by adding a clause after the
subordinating conjunction.
t.
Pv
(Answers may vary)
1. Because of the rain I had to postpone my trip.
es
2. Maya studies so that she may do well.
ic
3. Whenever I eat too much I fall sick.
rv
Se
4. They won the game although they had not practised much.
5. The school is much larger since it has expanded.
n
io
6. We waited at the bus stop until he came to pick us up.

at
7. Preena wants to volunteer though she is quite irresponsible.

uc
8. Where do you want to go in spite of the heavy rains in the

Ed
city?
9. Jeet was happy to join the team even though he was not
a
di
welcomed.
In
10. Seema practised swimming every day in order that she will
win the competition.
n
so
B. Identify the noun clause in each of these sentences.

ar
1. The news that he had resigned was a rumour

Pe
2. Vicky forgot what I had told him.

©
3. Why Rupa stopped speaking to him is still a mystery.

4. The proposal that the conveyance allowance be increased
was accepted by the administration.
98

5. It is not known when he will return from his Europe trip.
6. I strongly feel that we should do something to help the
victims of the earthquake.
7. That we should have ever met is quite strange.
8. I don’t know how I should solve this equation.
9. It is essential that you exercise daily.
d
10. Pay close attention to what the teacher says.
Lt
C. Identify the adjective clauses in these sentences.
t.
Pv
1. Our ancestral house which my grandfather built is in
Calicut.
es
2. Donald saw a heap of letters that were lying on the table.
ic
rv
3. The lady who wrote this book is coming here today.
Se
4. The people whose houses were damaged in the flood will be
compensated.
n
5. The woman whom we met at the shopping mall yesterday is

io
at
called Diana.
uc
6. A bag which was full of chocolates was found outside the

cinema hall.
Ed
7. She wore the necklace that her husband had bought for her.
a
8. The library books that were missing were found yesterday.

di
In
D. Complete these sentences by choosing suitable adverb clauses

n
from the brackets.

so
1. She became so nervous that she began to cry.

ar
2. I must leave early because my mother is waiting for me.

Pe
3. If we leave early, we won’t be late for the show.

©
4. I like to sing while my sister likes to play badminton.

5. The aeroplane is faster although a train is cheaper.
6. He works hard so that he may get a promotion.
99

E. Identify the adverb clauses and state their kind.
1. You may sit wherever you like. (place)
2. Please don’t talk while she is singing. (time)
3. Emily refused to speak to Paul unless he apologised. (reason)
4. I have kept the documents where I can find them. (place)
5. The football match ended by the time I reached home. (time)
d
6. As the principal entered the room, all the students stood up.
Lt
(time)
t.
Pv
7. Complete your homework so that we can play outside.
(reason)
es
8. Manas returned home late because of the traffic jam. (reason)
ic
rv
F. Use conditional clauses to complete these sentences.
Se
(Answers may vary)
1. If they come, they will meet him.
n
io
2. Wake me up if I keep sleeping.

at
3. If he has given it to you, you may keep it with you.

uc
4. Unless she tells you, you will never know.

Ed
5. Tell him not to go until I return.

6. If you see him at the market tell him to buy some fruits.
a
di
7. Lock all the doors and windows if you go out of town.

In
8. They would invite you if they want you to attend the

n
wedding.
so
9. If I were the teacher, I would have taught you well.

ar
10. The team would not play unless the captain came.
Pe
©
100

Activity
Discuss clauses and phrases with the students. Write
d
down principal and subordinate clauses on strips of paper.
Lt
Divide the class into groups. Give each group a number of
t.
strips with the principal and subordinate clauses written
Pv
on them. Ask them to match them.
es
ic
rv
Se
n
io
at
uc
Ed
a
di
In
n
so
ar
Pe
©
101

22 Simple, Complex and
Compound Sentences
d
Lt
Learn
t.
Pv
Identify the sentences as simple (S) or compound (C).
1. C 2. S 3. C 4. S 5. C
es
6. S 7. S 8. C 9. S 10. S
ic
Practise
rv
Se
A. Separate the subordinate clause from the main clause in these
n
io
compound sentences.
at
1. Diya doesn’t know where Piyali has gone.

uc
2. It began to rain as soon as the tournament started.

Ed
3. Nobody knows when the result will be announced.

a
4. The pilgrims rested when the sunset.

di
5. She denied that she had the letter.

In
6. He asked the boy how old he was.

n
so
7. The child was afraid that he would fall down.

ar
8. There goes the man who we saw on television.

Pe
9. Rakhi saw what the children were doing in the park.

10. I gave her the pen so that she could use it in school.
©
11. No one knows where the puppy had disappeared.

12. When I reached home, I saw the old woman sitting on our
porch.
102

B. Match the columns to make complete sentences.
1. Wake me up when he comes.
2. Lock all the doors and windows before you leave the house.
3. Tell her not to go as I’ll be back soon.
4. We will go to the movie if you get the tickets.
5. No one noticed us when we entered the hall.
d
6. Although Kavita sang beautifully she did not win the prize.
Lt
7. After completing their homework Suhana and Amrita went to
t.
Pv
play.
8. I returned the book to my friend after I read it.
es
9. After I came back home I made some sandwiches.
ic
10. We reached the railway station before the train arrived.
rv
Se
C. State whether each of these sentences is simple (S), compound
(C) or complex (Cpx). Identify the main clause, subordinate
n
clause and coordinate clause wherever required.

io
at
1. That she didn’t want to come for my birthday party (main)

uc
was very evident (subordinate). (Cpx)

Ed
2. Hyder wanted to leave (main) because he was getting bored

at the picnic (subordinate). (C)
a
3. Mount Abu in Rajasthan is a hill station (main) but Bikaner

di
is not (subordinate). (C)

In
4. Justin hadn’t seen Mark in the past five years. (S)

n
so
5. Mr Kuttickal can speak seven languages. (S)

ar
6. Miku met Piku at the store (main) and they went to watch a
Pe
film. (subordinate)
7. Salman is the person you will need to contact for this
©
problem. (S)
8. When I worked at the bookstore, I was amazed to see that
very few people really loved reading. (Cpx) (main)
103

9. Is this the letter (main) that you were looking for?
(subordinate) (C)
10. The tennis player(main) who was young and energetic got
carried away by excitement. (subordinate) (Cpx)
d
Lt
t.
Pv
Activity
es
Ask the students to write down interesting facts about
ic
themselves using different kinds of sentences.
rv
Se
n
io
at
uc
Ed
a
di
In
n
so
ar
Pe
©
104

23 Synthesis and
Transformation of
Sentences
d
Lt
t.
Pv
Learn
es
ic
Rewrite these sentences combining each set into one simple
rv
sentence. Se
1. On hearing the bus come they waited by the roadside.
2. Being tired from the long journey he fell asleep at once.
n
io
3. Travelling on the Lucknow Mail I found that it is a good train.

at
4. His uncle sometimes sends him rare stamps.

uc
5. The cinema hall being full, we returned home.

Ed
6. The weather being bad, we had to postpone our going to

Lucknow.
a
di
7. He went to Kanpur yesterday to purchase some cloth.

In
8. The teacher being ill, the Principal dismissed the class.

n
9. He works hard to pass the examination.

so
10. The table is too heavy to lift.

ar
Pe
Practise
©
A. Join each set of sentences to make a simple sentence.

1. The beggar sat by the side of the road to ask passersby for
help.
105

2. I saw a bird fluttering its wings.
3. Monika may rest after she has worked for four hours.
4. Being Sunday we relaxed at home.
5. She kept the promise she had made.
6. Summer comes after winter.
7. After finishing school I went home.
d
8. I heard a noise coming from the next room.
Lt
t.
B. Join these sets of sentences using coordinating conjunctions to
Pv
form compound sentences.
1. I must go to bed as it is twelve.
es
2. They began and ended badly.
ic
rv
3. Sunita switched off the lights and went to bed.
Se
4. Mohan opened the door and let the dog in.
5. Archana is preparing for entrance examination as she wants
n
io
admission in a good college.

at
6. Avoid excessive use of sugar or you will fall ill.

uc
7. Victor is a good student and a good sportsman.

Ed
8. Sonia missed the train as she was late in starting.

9. Amita is working hard as she wants to get 90 percent.
a
di
10. My mother scolded me as I had left the door open.

In
C. Rewrite these sentences as directed.

n
so
1. My uncle not only came to my house but also gave me an

ar
iPod.
Pe
2. The days are warm but the nights are cool.

3. Hurry up or you will be late.
©
4. Naveen wants to go on a vacation, therefore he is finishing his

work quickly.
5. I saw that the box was empty.
106

6. I met my old friend who is now a professor.
7. He gave me a book the cover of which was torn.
8. We missed the bus because we were late for school.
9. The guard gave the signal before the train moved.
10. If you work so hard you will ruin your health.
D. Join each set of simple sentences to make a complex sentence
d
Lt
using a noun clause or an adjective clause.
1. The fact that fire burns cannot be denied.
t.
Pv
2. I expect that I shall be back on Sunday.
3. It is certain that two and two makes four.
es
4. You will find the film to be interesting.
ic
rv
5. I have a complaint that I have noisy neighbours.
Se
6. Do you know the boy who broke the glass?
7. The chair on which I was sitting broke.
n
io
8. This is the girl whom we selected the captain.

at
9. This is the project that Archana prepared.

uc
10. The woman who bought me a new watch is my aunt.

Ed
E. Combine each set of sentences into simple, compound or

a
complex sentences as directed in the brackets.

di
In
1. My father being there did not say anything.

2. I was on my way home when I met a stranger.
n
so
3. Stay outside or come into the house.

ar
4. Anumeet was very happy to win the prize.

Pe
5. Although Shalini is intelligent she is not diligent.

6. The way was long and cold.
©
7. I could neither sit down nor lie down.

8. Being angry my mother scolded me.
107

9. Don’t touch the wire otherwise you will get an electric shock.
10. Rohit could not pass the medical examination as he is ill.
11. The teacher wants to know whether you are appearing for the
examination.
12. Neither Devika nor Shruti went to play yesterday.
F. Rewrite these sentences as simple sentences.
d
Lt
1. We meet in this park.
2. My mother advised me to learn a dance form.
t.
Pv
3. Helping those in need is a must.
4. Only intelligent students can solve this question.
es
5. Angela’s mother was against her creating a profile on a social
ic
rv
networking website. Se
6. I spent most of my vacation at an exotic resort for want of
peace.
n
7. Having done his best he could not qualify.

io
at
8. Being in a bad mood there was no logic in what he said.

uc
9. Have you read any book written by Mr Marlo.

Ed
a
di
In
n
so
ar
Pe
©
108

Comprehension
A Green Cornfield
A. 1. a; 2. b; 3. a; 4. c; 5. b
d
John Trelawney Writes to Dr Livesey
Lt
A. 1. b; 2. a; 3. b; 4. b; 5. a; 6. b
t.
Pv
B. 1. John Trelawney wanted twenty men. No, he did not find his
job easy.
es
2. John Silver was looking for a job as a cook on board a ship.
ic
He had lost his leg in his country’s service. He helped John
rv
Trelawney arrange a crew of men for his ship.
Se
3. Trelawney is referring to the sound of the sails as they flutter
in the wind.
n
io
4. They were looking for treasure.

at
uc
A Jungle in my Backyard
Ed
A. 1. F; 2. T; 3. T; 4. F; 5. T
B. 1. Squirrels, moles and owls visit the narrator’s backyard. They
a
have found a home in the city.

di
In
2. Yes. The narrator calls the backyard a jungle because birds

and an assortment of animals live there.
n
so
3. (Students will give their own answers)

ar
The Story of Atlas

Pe
A. 1.F; 2. F; 3. F; 4. F; 5. F
©
B. 1. Atlas was made to hold up the sky as a punishment.

2. Gaia gave Juno a tree of golden apples. Atlas’ daughters were
supposed to protect the tree.
109

3. Hercules wanted apples from the tree.
4. Hercules tricked Atlas into holding up the sky again.
5. A book of maps is called an atlas.
From a Railway Carriage

A. 1. The train.
2. The train is faster than fairies or witches. It is charging along
d
Lt
like troops who are going to battle.
3. Colourful stations pass by very quickly.
t.
Pv
4. The speaker sees a cart going down the uneven road with a
man and a load of goods on it. The cart is not going very fast,
es
so the speaker says it is ‘lumping along’.
ic
5. Every thing the narrator sees from the train is seen for a
rv
second and then it disappears.
Se
B. 1. The speaker is a young child. The child is in the train because
n
he/she is seeing tings passing by.

io
2. Yes, the rhyming words reflect the scenes passing by.

at
uc
Ed
a
di
In
n
so
ar
Pe
©
110

Test Paper 1
A. 1. Many
2. two
d
3. Few
Lt
4. any
t.
5. several
Pv
6. some
es
7. much
ic
8. many
rv
B. 1. Who
Se
2. it
n
3. This/That
io
4. Which
at
uc
5. What
Ed
6. Whom
7. This/That
a
di
8. What
In
C. 1. Burned – past
n
2. Carrying - present
so
3. Rushing – present
ar
4. waiting – present
Pe
5. Being – present
©
6. Frightened –past
111

7. Stunned – past
8. Raging – present
D. 1. I was learning
2. listens
3. will sing
4. were playing
d
5. feels; sees
Lt
6. will be going
t.
Pv
7. played; had
8. was debating; were cheering
es
E. 1. Had started
ic
rv
2. had run Se
3. had sold
4. had risen
n
io
5. had faced
at
6. had completed
uc
7. had fallen
Ed
8. had; finished
F. 1. blew – transitive
a
di
2. order – transitive
In
3. surrounded – transitive
n
4. stopped – transitive
so
5. told – transitive
ar
Pe
6. delayed – intransitive
©
112

Test Paper 2
A. 1. The little puppy was saved by the Ravi and Rekha from the
naughty boys.
2. The porridge was eaten by Goldilocks from Baby Boy’s bowl.
d
Lt
3. The rice and the chicken was kept in the refrigerator by me.
t.
4. Let not noise be made in the corridor.
Pv
5. The lead role in the play was offered to Nina by the director.
es
6. Mithun was asked by Sania to have dinner at her house.
ic
7. Let the students know that the test has been cancelled.
rv
8. I was interviewed by Janet for the post of an editor.
Se
B. 1. Neither of the two boys has broken the vase.
n
2. The price of these curtains is negotiable.

io
3. Seema who won two competitions is a friend of ours.

at
4. Mr Singh as well as his colleague have been robbed.

uc
5. Collecting stamps and writing poems are his hobby.

Ed
6. One of the students in his class has won the tournament.

a
7. Thirty-two years is a long time.

di
In
8. Either his brother or his sister is an expert in chess.

C. 1. may 2. Could; 3. How; 4. need; 5. ought;
n
so
6. should; 7. used; 8. shall

ar
D. 1. The policeman shouted out to the robbers not to move and

Pe
raise their hands.

2. Hritik told his aunt that he was not feeling well.
©
3. The teacher said that they would study modals.

4. Patrick thought to himself that he could do it.
113

5. Priyasha told Ipsita that she was so frightened that she could
have fainted.
6. Rustan asked the fruit seller how much the apricots were for.
7. The airline apologised to the passengers for the inconvenience
caused.
8. She said she had been teaching classical music for eight years.
d
9. Rohan exclaimed that he had dropped coffee on his notebook.
Lt
10. Diya introduced Shweta and said that she had joined their
t.
team.
Pv
E. 1. Did you both enjoy the film?
es
2. Dilshad hardly ever plays basketball.
ic
3. You must also attend the meeting with us.
rv
4. The team had a meeting in the conference room.
Se
5. If we don’t study we will certainly score less marks.
n
6. The crow drank the water thirstily.

io
7. Shobhit made the announcement and uselessly caused panic

at
among the employees.

uc
8. We are always on time for the music class.

Ed
9. Ruby and I managed to move the furniture to the new house

a
yesterday.
di
10. Deepika plays the banjo beautifully.

In
n
so
ar
Pe
©
114

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Tune in to Grammar_TB-7_prelims.indd 2 2/8/2017 11:24:59 AM

The Know section presents the concept with examples, comprehensive

first level of practice. It facilitates a rhythmic transition from comprehension

apply the concept, moving from theoretical to more engaging tasks.

There is one section each on Comprehension and Composition in all

grades. The Comprehension section includes a variety of reading passages,

of writing exercises, ranging from paragraph writing to story writing,

Tune in to Grammar_TB-7_prelims.indd 3 2/8/2017 11:25:02 AM

16. Position Of Adverbs 73

17. More On Adverbs 79

20. Kinds of Phrases 92

22. Simple, Complex and Compound Sentences 102

23. Synthesis and Transformation of Sentences 105

Test Paper 1 111

Test Paper 2 113

Tune in to Grammar_TB-7_prelims.indd 4 2/8/2017 11:25:04 AM

Identify the complete sentences. Then, identify the subject-word

and the attribute in each of them.

1. Mina – subject; brilliant artist – attribute

4. I – subject; pastor – attribute

6. you – subject; your phone – attribute

8. us – subject; on this bench – attribute

9. book – subject; table – attribute

A. Identify the subject and the predicate in each of these

Tune in to Grammar_TB-7.indd 1 2/8/2017 11:16:53 AM

2. spring – subject; the warm and bright – attribute

3. My uncle – subject; is a music composer – attribute

4. The minister – subject; cunning – attribute

5. water – subject; Drinking – attribute

7. man – subject; honest – attribute

8. jewellery – subject; expensive – attribute

9. My sister – subject; younger – attribute

10. habit – subject; not healthy – attribute

11. deed – subject; noble – attribute

12. man – subject; injured – attribute

Tune in to Grammar_TB-7.indd 2 2/8/2017 11:16:53 AM

12. Arun does not like to watch cartoons.

A. Rearrange the words and phrases to make sentences.

1. In spite of having prepared well for the examination, my

sister did not score good marks.

4. We watched the cricket match after school yesterday.

6. I dined with my parents at a Chinese restaurant last Saturday.

Tune in to Grammar_TB-7.indd 3 2/8/2017 11:16:53 AM

B. Separate the subject from the predicate. Encircle the attributes

5. Yamuna– subject; a perennial river – attribute; flows through

6. Familiarity – subject; breeds contempt – predicate

7. People – subject; who are kind-hearted – attribute; are loved

9. I – subject; have a chain of gold – predicate

10. Rustom – subject; the youngest son of the mighty emperor –

attribute; is a good man – predicate

11. I – subject; like good music - predicate.

Tune in to Grammar_TB-7.indd 4 2/8/2017 11:16:53 AM

4. I would like to visit my mother today. (A)

5. Who will be the next monitor? (In)

6. Leave right now. (Im)

7. What wonderful news! (E)

9. What do you want from me now? (In)

10. Jhuma will go to the market tomorrow. (A)

11. Why should we leave so early? (In)

12. Stand up right now. (Im)

13. What a perfect painting this is! (E)

15. I do not like ice cream. (A)