Lecture 4-5 ІІ Term Stylistics

Stylistic Semasiology.
Lexico-Semantic Stylistic Devices
Lecture 4-5
Figures of Substitution
 Hyperbole /haɪˈpɜːbəli/ is a way of
describing something by saying that it is
much bigger, smaller, worse etc. than it
actually is – used especially to excite
people’s feelings.
Hyperbole
 Mary was scared to death.
 I beg a thousand pardons.
 Pete knows everyone in the town.
 Таким поглядом можна вбити.
 Він робить з мухи слона.
 Meiosis /maɪˈəʊsɪs/ is opposite to
hyperbole. It is a deliberate diminution; the
presentation of a thing with underemphasis
or understatement especially in order to
achieve a greater effect.
Meiosis
 Litotes /laɪˈtəʊtiːz/ is an understatement in
which an affirmative is expressed by the
negative of the contrary (as in "not a bad singer"
or "not unhappy“).
 Thus, it is a combination of the negative particle
“not” and a word with a negative meaning or a
negative prefix.
Litotes
 Metaphor /ˈmetəfə(r)/ is a word or phrase used to describe
somebody/something by referring to it as something different and
suggesting that it has similar qualities to that thing. It is used to make
the description more powerful, for example: She has a heart of stone;
the use of such words and phrases
 a game of football used as a metaphor for the competitive struggle of
life;
 the writer’s striking use of metaphor;
 the beehive is a metaphor for human society.
Metaphor
Metaphor
 Antonomasia is the use of a proper name
to designate a member of a class (such as a
Solomon for a wise ruler) also: the use of
an epithet or title in place of a proper name
(such as the Bard for Shakespeare).
Antonomasia
 Personification is an attribution of personal
qualities especially: representation of a thing or
abstraction as a person or by the human form.
Personification
Figures of Substitution: Allegory
 Epithet is an adjective or phrase that is used to
describe somebody/ something’s character or
most important quality, especially in order to
give praise or criticism
 The film is long and dramatic but does not quite
earn the epithet ‘epic’.
Epithet
 Logical attributes
 A loud voice, a round table, a green lawn
 Epithets proper
 Loud ocean, wild wind, glorious sight, crazy
behaviour
Epithet
Epithet
 Metonymy /məˈtɒnəmi/ is a figure of speech
consisting of the use of the name of one thing
for that of another of which it is an attribute or
with which it is associated (such as "crown" in
"lands belonging to the crown")
Metonymy
Metonymy
Figures of Substitution: Synecdoche
 Synecdoche /sɪˈnekdəki/ is a figure of speech by
which a part is put for the whole (such as fifty sail for
fifty ships), the whole for a part (such as society for
high society), the species for the genus (such as
cutthroat for assassin), the genus for the species (such
as a creature for a man), or the name of the material
for the thing made (such as boards for stage).
Synecdoche
 Periphrasis /pəˈrɪfrəsɪs/ is the use of an indirect way of speaking or
writing
 Euphemism /ˈjuːfəmɪzəm/ is an indirect word or phrase that people
often use to refer to something embarrassing or unpleasant,
sometimes to make it seem more acceptable than it really is
 ‘Pass away’ is a euphemism for ‘die’.
 ‘User fees’ is just a politician's euphemism for taxes.
Euphemism
Euphemism
Euphemism
Euphemism
Disphemisms
 Irony is the use of words that are the opposite
of what you really mean, often in order to be
amusing ‘I’m so happy to hear that,’ he said,
with more than a trace of irony in his voice.
Irony
Figures of Combination
 Simile is an expression that describes
something by comparing it with something
else, using the words as or like, for example ‘as
white as snow.’ The poet uses the simile ‘soft
like clay’.
Simile
Figures of Combination: Synonyms
 Oxymoron is a combination of contradictory
or incongruous words (such as cruel kindness)
broadly : something (such as a concept) that is
made up of contradictory or incongruous
elements
Oxymoron
 hot snow
 loving hate
 horribly beautiful
 безпощадний блиск
 холодний жар
Classification of Oxymorons
 The main structural pattern of oxymoron is "adjective + noun" (hot

snow).
 The second productive model is "adverb + adjective" (pleasantly
ugly).
 Predicative relations are also possible (Sofia's beauty is horrible).
 Besides that, oxymoron may occasionally be realized through free
syntactic patterns, such as up the down staircase.
 Paradox is a self-contradictory
statement that at first seems true.
 A child is father to a man.
 Cowards die many times before their
death.
 Antithesis is the rhetorical contrast of ideas by means
of parallel arrangements of words, clauses, or
sentences (as in "action, not words" or "they
promised freedom and provided slavery").
 This figure of contrast stands close to oxymoron. The
major difference is structural. Oxymoron is realised
through a single word-combination, while
antithesis is a confrontation of at least two
separate phrases semantically opposite.
Antithesis
 Climax is a figure of speech in which a series of
phrases or sentences is arranged in ascending order
of rhetorical forcefulness; therefore, every
subsequent component increases significance,
importance or emotional tension.
Climax
Climax
 Anticlimax is the usually sudden
transition in discourse from a significant
idea to a trivial or ludicrous idea.
 Therefore, every subsequent component
decreases significance, importance or
emotional tension.
Anticlimax
 Zeugma is the use of a word to modify or govern two
or more words usually in such a manner that it applies
to each in a different sense or makes sense with only
one.
 She opened the door and her heart to the homeless
boy.
 He got out of bed and low spirits.
 Mary dropped a tear and her handkerchief.
 Pun is the usually humorous use of a word in
such a way as to suggest two or more of its
meanings or the meaning of another word
similar in sound.
Pun
Pun
Syntactic Stylistic Devices
 Ellipsis is the omission of one or more words that are
obviously understood but that must be supplied to
make a construction grammatically complete. Marks or
a mark (such as … ) indicating an omission (as of
words) or a pause.
 This is a syntactic structure in which there is no subject
or predicate, or both.
 Where do you go?
 To school.
 Nominative sentence is a variant of

one-member structures: it has neither
subject nor predicate.
Nominative sentence
 Aposiopesis is the leaving of a thought incomplete
usually by a sudden breaking off (as in "his
behaviour was—but I blush to mention that")
 Asyndeton is an omission of the conjunctions that
ordinarily join coordinate words or clauses
 I came, I saw, I conquered.
 Fathers, mothers, uncles, cousins.
Syntactic Stylistic Devices: Parceling
Syntactic Stylistic Devices: Repetition
 Enumeration is the act or process of making or
stating a list of things one after another.
Syntactic Stylistic Devices: Tautology
 Tautology is a needless repetition of an idea, statement, or word.
Syntactic Stylistic Devices: Tautology
 Polysyndeton is a repetition of conjunctions in close
succession.
 We have ships and men, and money.
 Parallelism is a stylistic device of producing
two or more syntactic structures according to
the same syntactic pattern.
 Mary cooked dinner, John watched TV, Pete
played tennis.
 Inversion is a change in normal word order
especially: the placement of a verb before its subject
Syntactic Stylistic Devices: Detachment
 Rhetorical question is a question that you ask as a
way of making a statement, without expecting an
answer. When he said ‘How can these attitudes still
exist in a civilized society?’, he was asking a
rhetorical question.
 Alliteration is the use of several words together that
all begin with the same sound, in order to make a
special effect, especially in poetry the alliteration of
the ‘s’ sound in ‘sweet birds sang softly’
Recourses Used in the Lecture
 Корунець І.В. Теорія і практика перекладу (аспектний переклад): Підручник. –
Вінниця: Нова Книга, 2001 – 448 с.
 Єфімов Л. Стилістика англійської мови. – Вінниця: Нова книга, 2004. – 228 с.
 Кальниченко О. А. Теорія перекладу: частина перша. – Харків: Видавництво НУА,
2017. – 63 с.
 Карабан В. І., Мейс Дж. Переклад з української мови на англійську. Навчальний
посібник-довідник для студентів вищих закладів освіти. Вінниця: Нова
книга, 2003. - 608 с.
 Карабан В. І. Переклад англійської наукової і технічної літератури. Граматичні
труднощі, лексичні, термінологічні та жанрово-стилістичні проблеми. – Вінниця:
Нова книга, 2002. – 564 с.
 Максімов С. Є. Усний двосторонній переклад (англійська та українська мови):
Навчальний посібник. – К: Ленвіт, 2007. – 416 с.
77 Further Reading
 Бабенко Є., Амеліна С., Білоус Н. Актуальні проблеми теорії і практики
сучасного перекладу. – Центр навчальної літератури, 2018. – с. 470.
 Гудманян А.Г. Вступ до перекладознавства: навчальний посібник. – Нова
Книга, 2017. – 296 с.
 Єфімов Л. Стилістика англійської мови. – Вінниця: Нова книга, 2004. –
228 с.
 Кальниченко О. А. Теорія перекладу: частина перша. – Харків:
Видавництво НУА, 2017. – 63 с.
 Корунець І.В. Теорія і практика перекладу (аспектний переклад):
Підручник. – Вінниця: Нова Книга, 2001 – 448 с.
 Malmkjær, Kirsten; Windle, Kevin. The Oxford Handbook of Translation
Studies. – Oxford University Press. Print Publication Date: Mar 2011 Online
Publication Date: Sep 2012. – 475 pp. – available online for free.
 Thank you for your attention!

Lecture 4-5 ІІ Term Stylistics

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 4-5 ІІ Term Stylistics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Stylistic Semasiology.

Lexico-Semantic Stylistic Devices

 The main structural pattern of oxymoron is "adjective + noun" (hot

 Nominative sentence is a variant of

You might also like