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DISCRETE MATHEMATIC
LEC-04:
Fundamental Algebra
Groups, Rings, Fields
Lecture 4
Sets, Operations
Functions
2
Sets
A collection of elements.
Examples:
A set with all elements
A set with description of property
The empty set, a set has no elements:
Set of integers:
Closed intervals:
Open intervals:
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Subsets
4
Set operations
Examples:
Union:
Intersection:
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Set operations (cont’d)
Examples:
Complement:
Difference:
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Set Operations (cont’d)
Laws that hold for sets:
Commutative:
Associative:
Distributive:
Idempotent:
Absorption:
Domination:
Identity:
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Example 1
Let A be the set of students who live within one mile of school and let B be
the set of students who walk to classes. Describe the students in each of
these sets.
1) A ∩ B
the set of students who live within one mile of school and walk to class
(only students who do both of these things are in the intersection)
2) A ∪ B
the set of students who either live within one mile of school or walk to class
(or, it goes without saying, both)
3) A − B
the set of students who live within one mile of school but do not walk to class
4) B − A
the set of students who live more than a mile from school but nevertheless
walk to class 8
Functions
Let E and F be sets. Each element , let there be
associated a unique element , then is called
a function from E into F.
: is called an image of .
Terms: mapping, operator, transformation are
synonyms for the term function.
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Injection, Surjection, Bijection
Let , where are sets.
Injection Surjection
one-to-one-maping onto-maping
Bijection
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Example 2
3) The "rule" for f is ambiguous. We must have f(x) defined uniquely, but here
there are two values associated with every x, the positive square root and the
negative square root of x2 + 1.
12
Groups
Definition: Let (G, ) be a nonempty set with a operation
defined on it: . Let the following axioms are
satisfied:
Closure: , the element is uniquely defined element of .
Associative:
Identity element: There exits an identity elements such that
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Rings - Example
A example ring, R = ( S, O1, O2, I )
• S is set of real numbers.
• O1 is the operation of addition, the inverse operation is subtraction.
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Fields
Definition: A ring R is called a field, if the multiplication is invertible for
all . In other word, , such that .
Any fileld is ring.
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Fields - Example
An example of field, F = ( S, O1, O2, I1, I2 )
• S is set of real number.
• O1 is the operation of addition, the inverse operation is subtraction.
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More Examples
1. Does the following set A3x4 (set of all 3x4 matrices) and the
operation • (matrix multiplication) form a group?
2. Prove that the set A3x3 (set of all 3x3 matrices) and the operation •
(matrix addition) form a commutative (or Abelian) group.
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Finite/Galois Fields
An example of field, F = ( S, O1, O2, I1, I2 )
• S is set of real number.
• O1 is the operation of addition, the inverse operation is subtraction.
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REVIEW
22
Groups
• A set of elements with a binary operation denoted by that
associates to each ordered pair (a,b) of elements in G an element
(a b ) in G , such that the following axioms are obeyed:
• (A1) Closure:
• If a and b belong to G, then a b is also in G
• (A2) Associative:
• a (b c) = (a b) c for all a, b, c in G
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Rings
• A ring R , sometimes denoted by {R , + , * }, is a set of elements with two binary
operations, called addition and multiplication, such that for all a , b , c in R the following
axioms are obeyed:
(A1–A5)
R is an abelian group with respect to addition; that is, R satisfies axioms A1 through A5. For the
case of an additive group, we denote the identity element as 0 and the inverse of a as –a
(M1) Closure under multiplication:
If a and b belong to R , then ab is also in R
(M2) Associativity of multiplication:
a (bc ) = (ab)c for all a , b , c in R
(M3) Distributive laws:
a (b + c ) = ab + ac for all a , b , c in R
(a + b )c = ac + bc for all a , b , c in R
• In essence, a ring is a set in which we can do addition, subtraction [a - b = a + (-b )], and
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Table 5.1(a)