The word “demography” comes from the two Greek

words:
“Demos”- meaning people and “Graphy” means writing
about or recording some thing. So literally demography
means writing about people.

Demography studies the trends and processes associated

with population including- changes in population size,
pattern of births, death and migration, structure and
proportion such as relative proportion of women, men
and different age groups.
Migration refers to the movement of people away
from their home countries or communities to a
new country
The current population of India in 2022 is 1,417,173,173, a 0.68%
increase from 2021. The population of India in 2021 was
1,407,563,842, a 0.8% increase from 2020. The population of India
in 2020 was 1,396,387,127, a 0.96% increase from 2019.

The population of the world or of any country is not uniformly

distributed. The same is true about India also. Some parts of the
country are densely populated, some parts moderately populated
and some parts are sparsely populated.

At a regional level, India is characterized by the unevenness of

distribution of population. The density of population is expressed
as the number of persons per square kilometer. The average
density of population in India is 382 persons/ square km. (Census
2011)The unevenness is due to the varying size of states and wide
variations in the resource base.
•Population wise top 5 states which include Uttar Pradesh,
• Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh,
•and Telangana accounts for half of the country’s
population.
•On the other hand, Jammu and Kashmir, Arunachal Pradesh,
Sikkim, States account for less population.
•According to the 2011 census, the density of population in India
is 382 persons per square kilometre.
•Over the last 100 years density has increased more than
four times.
•It has increased from 77 in 1901 to 382 in 2011.
•When we say that the density of the population of India is 382
persons per square kilometre, this does not mean that the
population is exactly 382 persons in each and every square
kilometre.
In reality, the distribution of population in India is highly
uneven. The uneven density of population in India is clear
from the fact that in Arunachal Pradesh the average number
of population is only 17 persons per square kilometre,
whereas it is 11,297 persons per square kilometre in Delhi as
per the 2011 census.
Malthus theory was influential for long time. But it was also
challenged by theorists who claimed that economic growth
could outstrip population growth. For example in case of
European countries, by the end of first quarter of 20 th century,
birth rates had declined and outbreak of epidemic diseases also
controlled. Malthus predictions were proved false because both
food production and standards of living continued to rise
despite the rapid growth of population.

Malthus also was criticized by liberal and Marxist scholars for

asserting that poverty was caused by population growth. The
critics argued that problems like poverty and starvation were
caused by the unequal distribution of economic resources
rather than by population growth.
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION IN INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

Dependency Ratio: it is the ratio of how many people are depended on

the working age group of 15-59. children below 0-14 years are excluded
and people above 60 are excluded because they are economically
inactive.
The formula is:
Dependency Ratio = (No of persons in age group 0-14 years + no of
persons in age group 60 years or more) ÷ No of persons in age group
15-19 years X1000

Dependency Ratio can be divided into two parts:

Young dependency ratio
Old dependency ratio
 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION IN INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

Dependency Ratio gives the proportion of persons

whom the persons in economically active age group
need to support.
Reduction in dependency Ratio indicates a transition
phase where a higher percentage of working age
group translate into higher per capita income for the
economy.
This is also called the phase where a country may
benefit from “Demographic Dividend”.
Most of the developing countries of the world are experiencing the problem.
The population of the world started to increase since 1650 and reached a
climax between 1960 and 1970.

The Day of Five Billion

July 11, 1987 was designated by United Nations Population fund as the
approximate day on world reached Five Billion population.

The Day of Six Billion

The United Nations Population fund designated 12 October 1999 as the
approximate day on world reached Six Billion population.

The Day of Seven Billion

October 31, 2011 is designated by the United Nations Population fund as the
approximate day on world reached Seven Billion population.

The Day of Eight Billion

The global population is set to hit Eight Billion by November 15, 2022
according to United Nations latest population projections.
CENSUS

The first population census in British India was

conducted in 1872. Since India's independence in 1947,
a census has been conducted every 10 years, the first
occurring in 1951.The census in India is conducted by
the Office of the Registrar General and Census
Commissioner under the Ministry of Home Affairs, and
is one of the largest administrative tasks conducted by a
federal government.
The current population of India in 2022 is 1,417,173,173, a 0.68%
increase from 2021. The population of India in 2021 was
1,407,563,842, a 0.8% increase from 2020. The population of India
in 2020 was 1,396,387,127, a 0.96% increase from 2019.

The population of the world or of any country is not uniformly

distributed. The same is true about India also. Some parts of the
country are densely populated, some parts moderately populated
and some parts are sparsely populated.

At a regional level, India is characterized by the unevenness of

distribution of population. The density of population is expressed
as the number of persons per square kilometer. The average
density of population in India is 382 persons/ square km. (Census
2011)The unevenness is due to the varying size of states and wide
variations in the resource base.
•Population wise top 5 states which include Uttar Pradesh,
• Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh,
•and Telangana accounts for half of the country’s
population.
•On the other hand, Jammu and Kashmir, Arunachal Pradesh,
Sikkim, States account for less population.
•According to the 2011 census, the density of population in India
is 382 persons per square kilometre.
•Over the last 100 years density has increased more than
four times.
•It has increased from 77 in 1901 to 382 in 2011.
•When we say that the density of the population of India is 382
persons per square kilometre, this does not mean that the
population is exactly 382 persons in each and every square
kilometre.
In reality, the distribution of population in India is highly
uneven. The uneven density of population in India is clear
from the fact that in Arunachal Pradesh the average number
of population is only 17 persons per square kilometre,
whereas it is 11,297 persons per square kilometre in Delhi as
per the 2011 census.
POPULATION CONTROL
POPULATION POLICY IN
INDIA
 NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY

 India evolved a comprehensive national population policy in

April 1967. The primary assumption behind this policy was
that the population explosion was an offshoot of poverty and
must be dealt with as a part of an overall design for a better
life.

 IMPORTANT FEATURES OF NATIONAL

POPULATION POLICY 1967
 Increase the age of marriage from 15 to 18 years for girls and

from 18 to 21 years for boys.

 Freeze the population figures at the 1971 level until 2001.

 Make some portion of central assistance provided to the

states dependent upon their performance in family planning.
 Give greater attention to education of girls.

 Ensure a proper place for population education in the total

system of education.

 Involve all ministries and departments of the government

in the family planning program.

 Increase the financial compensation for sterilization.

 The National Population Policy, 2000 (NPP 2000

 The National Population Policy, 2000 (NPP 2000) affirms the
commitment of government towards voluntary and informed
choice and consent of citizens while availing of reproductive
health care services
The National Population Policy, 2000 (NPP 2000

Policy also address issues of child survival, maternal health, and

contraception, while increasing outreach and coverage of a
comprehensive package of reproductive and child heath services
by government, industry and the voluntary non-government
sector, working in partnership.

STRATEGIC THEMES
1. Decentralized planning and program implementation.
2. Convergence of service delivery at village levels.
3.Empowering women for improved health and
nutrition.
4. Child survival and Child Health.
5. Meeting the unmet needs for family welfare services.
6.Under-served population groups:
 Urban slums

 Tribal communities, hill area population and displaced and migrant

populations
 Adolescents

 Increased participation of men in Planned Parenthood.

7. Diverse health care’s providers.

8.Collaboration with and commitments from non-
government organizations and the private sector.
9.Mainstreaming Indian Systems of Medicine and
Homeopathy.
10. Contraceptive Technology and Research on Reproductive and
Child Health
11. Providing for the Older Population.

12. Information, Education and Communication.

In order to achieve the objectives and goals of the
National Population Policy, 2000 the following
promotional and motivational measures are enumerated:

 Panchayats and Zila Parishads will be rewarded and

honoured for exemplary performance in universalizing
the small family norm, achieving reduction in infant
mortality and birth rates and promoting literacy with
completion of primary schooling.
 Balika Samridhi Yojana run by the Department of
Women and Child Development, to promote survival
and care of the girl child, will continue. A cash
incentive of Rs. 500 is awarded at the birth of the girl
child of birth order 1 or 2.

 Maternity benefit scheme run by the Department of

Rural Development will continue. A cash incentive of
Rs. 500 is awarded to mothers who have their first
child after 19 years of age, for birth of the 1st and 2nd
child only.
 A family Welfare- linked Health Insurance Plan will
be established. Couples below the poverty line, who
undergo sterilization with not more than 2 living
children's, would become eligible for health insurance
not exceeding Rs 5000, and a personal accident
insurance cover for the spouse undergoing sterilization.

 Couples below the poverty line, who marry after the

legal age of marriage, register the marriage, have their
first child after the mother reaches the age of 21, accept
the family norm, and adopt a terminal method after
birth of 2nd child, will be rewarded.
 A revolving fund will be set up for income- generation
activities by village- level self help groups, who
provide community- level health care services.

 Crèches of childcare centers will be opened in rural

areas and urban slums. This will facilitate and promote
participation of women in paid employment.

 A wider and affordable choice of contraceptives will

be made accessible at diverse delivery points with
counseling service.