Road Surveying and Design

（ Chapter 1 Introduction ）

1
Abstract

 The mode of transport and the features 、 positions

and functions of road transport
 History 、 present situation 、 short-term and long-
term programmer of highway in China
 Classification of highway and urban road
 City's Road Network and Red Line Planning
 Design Basis of Road Survey and Design
Section1 The Mode of Transport and Road transport

1.The Mode of Transport

Railroad Transport

Highway Transport

the Mode of Water Transport

Transport

Aviation Transport

Pipeline Transport
3
This is the traditional railroad, the speed of train that moving on it is
low.
This is the high speed railway, the speed of high speed train in china what called
“he xie hao” can moves at speed up to 300 km/h.
This is the high-speed train that called “he xie hao”
This is the Road Transport.
This is the ocean liner
This is the freighter ['freɪtə]
This is the aviation Transport
This is the pipeline transport, for example, the oil, gas and water that we
use are often transported by pipeline.
2. Features of all sorts of transports

Railroad large traffic volume 、 rapid 、 cost lower 、

Transport long cycle of construction 、 high investment
For example:
Nanjing
plane
car

train
Zhenjiang Dalian

Car or train
ship
Yantai

Road transport is a necessary complement to other

modes of transport.
Highway flexible 、 strong adaptability 、 direct 、 rapid 、
Transport low transfer costs but small traffic volume
Water large volume , lower energy consumption, low transportation
Transport cost, a powerful influence by natural factor, low speed
Aviation fastest speed 、 highest cost 、
Transport comfortable
Pipeline low transportation cost, little waste,
Transport strong continuity
3. Effects of Highway Transport

 Five transports should be complementary to each

other. They play different roles in different
historical periods. Don’t be discriminatory.
 Highway transport is significant in the national
economy. It is a link between industry and
agriculture, city and countryside, production and
consumption.
 In more modern times, countries with advanced
transportation systems—such as in the United States,
Canada—are leaders in industry and commerce. Without
the ability to transport manufactured goods and raw
materials and without technical know-how, a country is
unable to maximize the comparative advantage, it may
have in the form of natural or human resources. Countries
that lack an abundance of natural resources rely heavily
on transportation in order to import raw materials and
export manufactured products.

From transport and highway

engineering
Section 2 Present situation and development programmer
of highway in China

1. Development of highway in China

 By 2000 B.C, travel was by horseback or in
animal-drawn vehicles on dirt roads. After
Emperor Qin shihuang integrated China,
highway transports have developed rapidly.
 By the end of 1949, the country's total highway
distance was only 81000 kilometers.
 By the end of 1978, the country's total highway
distance had 880 000 kilometers.
 By the end of 1994, the country's total highway
distance was 1.10 million kilometer.
 By the end of 2000, the country's total highway
distance was 1.68 million kilometer, including
total freeway distance was 16000 kilometer.
 By the end of 2002, the country's total highway
distance was 1.76 million kilometer, ranked the
fourth in the world.
2. Development of freeway in China

 1988: the first freeway ,Shanghai-Jiading

 1990: Shenyang-Dalian
 1993: Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan
 By the end of 2000, the country's total freeway
distance is 16 thousand kilometer.
 By the end of 2001, the country's total freeway
distance was 19 thousand kilometer.
 By the end of 2002, the country's total freeway
distance was 25.2 thousand kilometer.
3. Present situation of highway in China

Number is small and areas accessible to

highways is not enough.

Highway net grade is low, pavement

Existing quality is poor.
Problems
Development is unbalance.

Traffic capacity is low.

Service level is poor.

4. Development plan of highway in China

 All national trunk highway will be builded freeway .

 1990 to 2020 ， 35 thousand kilometers national trunk
highway will be builded into freeway.
 By 2003, two vertical and two horizontal national trunk
highway have been builded into freeway.
 By 2020, five vertical and seven horizontal national
trunk highway will be builded into freeway.
 By 2030, realize intelligent highway transport
system.
 By 2040, realize intelligent comprehensive
transport system.
“ 两纵两横”国道主干线示意
图

“ 两纵两
横”国道主
干线
“ 五纵七横”国道主干线示意
图

“ 五纵七
横”国道主
干线
Section 3 Road classification and technical standard in China

1. Road classification
 Classification objective:
According to requirement of the highway construction

 Classification basis:
Use task 、 function 、 traffic volume for highway
Road classification （ in Chin
a）
freeway

first class highway

Road second class highway

classification

third class highway

fourth class highway

 Functional classification and index table %
(in America)
classification Interstate arterial collector-distributor local
highway highway highway highway
rural highway 2 7 17 52
city regional 1 5 2 14
highway
2. freeway
 Define:
a special multi-road highway for automobile
travel (division 、 divided lane 、 full control access)

 Classification:

a) Four road freeway: annual average daily traffic

(AADT) is 25000-55000 volumes if all kinds of
automobiles are converted into minibus.
 b) Six-road freeway: average daily traffic (ADT) is
45000-80000 volumes if all kinds of automobiles are
converted into minibus.
c) Eight-road freeway: average daily traffic (ADT) is
60000-100000 volumes if all kinds of automobiles are
converted into minibus.

۩Notice:

a) Division: setting median separator

b) Divided lane: at least two lanes one-way
c) Full control access
 Benefits of access control are improved highway capacity,
higher operating speeds, and improved traffic safety.
 The control of access is attained by limiting the number of
connections to and from the highway, facilitating the flow
of traffic by separating cross traffic with overpasses or
underpasses, and eliminating or restricting direct access by
owners to abutting property through the use of frontage
roads, which connect to the limited-access facility at
consistently spaced grade-separated interchanges.
separating cross traffic with overpasses or underpasses,
 For example, if you want to drive in the freeway in
China, you must enter the freeway from the entrances, when
you want to exit the freeway, you must exit the freeway from
the exits. Entrances and exits of the highway all have a toll
station (shou fei zhan), when you enter the freeway, you
don’t need to pay money, but when you exits the freeway,
you should pay money. The money you paid was according
to the distance that you have derived in the freeway. The
distance is the route distance between entrance and exit.
toll station (shou fei zhan)
USA California: five lanes one-way
3. First class highway:
 Define:
a multi-lane road highway for automobile travel
(division, divided lane , control access according to
requirement)
 Classification:

a) Four-lane first class highway: annual average daily

traffic (AADT) is15000-30000 volumes if all kinds of
automobiles are converted into minibus.
b) Six-lane first class highway: annual average daily
traffic (AADT) is15000-30000 volumes if all kinds of
automobiles are converted into minibus.
۩Notice
:
a) Division 、 divided lane
b) In general, median separator should be set. But
separate facilities can must be removed in special
cases and the separate facilities can’t allow to be
replaced by drawing line.
c) The conception of the annual average daily traffic
(AADT)
4. Second class highway:
 Define: two-lane highway for vehicles
 Annual average daily traffic (AADT) is 5000-15000
volumes if all kinds of automobiles are converted into
minibus.
5. Third class highway:

 Define: two-lane highway primarily for vehicles

 Annual average daily traffic (AADT) is 2000-6000
volumes if all kinds of automobiles are converted
into minibus.
6. Fourth class highway:
 Define:
two-way or one-way highway for various vehicles.
 Classification:

a) Two-way fourth class highway: Annual average

daily traffic (AADT) is less than 1500 volumes if all
kinds of automobiles are converted into minibus.
b) One-way fourth class highway: Annual average
daily traffic (AADT) is less than 400 volumes if all
kinds of automobiles are converted into minibus.
First class highway
Second class highway
Third class highway
Fourth class highway
7. Technical standard in China

Technical Standards of highway engineering. Beijing. People

Transportation Press
 Selection of highway class
According to the programming of highway net, using
task 、 function and predicted traffic volumes, highway
class is made sure.
 Future design period
a) freeway 、 first class highway with the main (trunk)
line function: 20years
a) First class highway with collector-distributor function,
second class highway and third class highway: 15
years
b) Future design period of fourth class highway is made
sure according to the actual conditions.
c) Don't go up blindly and save too excessively.
d) The same highway may adopt different the number
of lanes and different highway classification.
8. Third classification and technical grade of urban
highway
 First classification of urban highway (Expressway):

a) large number, long distance, high-speed transport

services for urban. Medians should be set between
two opposite lanes. Full or part control access.
b) Exits and entrances of public building that can attracte
a large number of traffic flow and pedestrian flow
should not be set.
Expressway of the city
 Arterial road
a) It is a arterial road that connects primary subareas.
The main function is traffic.
b) When there are more non-motor vehicles, the non-
motor vehicle lane and motor vehicle lane should be
divided. For example, three-section road and four-
section road.
three-section road
four-section road.
 Secondary trunk road:

a) The city's road network is formed by connecting

arterial road and secondary trunk road. It's main
function is traffic, at the same time collector-
distributor function.

 Branch road:

a) It's a connecting line that connects secondary trunk

road and neighborhood road. It may resolve partial
traffic. Branch road in which service function
predominates
 In addition to expressway, all kinds of roads are
divided in Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ grade.

 Big city (more than 500000 people) adopts Ⅰ

grade standard.
 Medium city (200000-500000 people) adopts
Ⅱ grade standard.
 Small city (less than 200000 people) adopts
Ⅲ grade standard.
Section 4 City's Road Network and Red Line Planning
1. Construction form and feature of City's Road Network

Gridiron ['grɪdaɪən]
road system: it's a
common form of city's
road network. Nearly
parallel arterial roads are
set at regular intervals.
Then secondary trunk
roads are set between
arterial roads.
（ Beijing city ）
Ring and radial
road system: it
develops gradually
outward from the
old city centre and
evolves from radial
type. （ Shenyang)
Free style road
system: it's a type in
which terrain
predominates. The
road is curved and
without a certain
geometry shape.
Combination-type road
system: it is a
combination above-
mentioned three types
and may make best use
of the advantages and
avoid the disadvantages.
2. Red line planning:

Definition: boundary
control line of city land
for road. The red line
width is namely location
scope of city road or
overall width of road or
planning roadway.
 Decide the width of red line: according to the
function 、 quality, at the same time taking into account
appropriate cross-section form, then deciding the width of
the motor vehicles lane 、 the width of non-motor vehicles
lane 、 sidewalk 、 the width of greenbelt, at last adding
up their width is the width of red line.
Section 5 Design Basis of Road Survey and Design
 Traffic volume: passing the numbers of vehicles for a
cross-section per unit of time.

 Traffic capacity: passing the maximum numbers of

vehicles for a cross-section per unit of time.

 Design speed is a basic parameter for geometric

design of road.
An very important element for alignment
design.
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