Mizan -Tepi University College Of Medicine And

Health Sciences Department of environmental health

(post graduate program)
Environmental pollution and control individual
assignment on industrial pollution and control
BY; TESHOME DEMIS

Submitted to Mr.Besufekade mekonen (ast.professor) 30 March 2024

1
 Industrial pollution and control in
Ethiopia

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 objectives
 at the end of this presentation participants will able to
understand
 basic types of industrial pollutants
 Effects of industrial pollution
 Existing regulations and standards in Ethiopia
regarding industrial pollution
 ways to control industrial pollution.

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  outlines
Introduction
Major types industrial waste
 effects of industrial waste
Control of industrial pollution.

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 introduction
 Pollution is the addition of any substance (solid, liquid, or gas)
or any form of energy (such as heat, sound, or radioactivity) to
the environment at a rate faster than it can be dispersed,
diluted, decomposed, recycled, or stored in some harmless
form.
 Pollution happened when different pollutants enter in to the
environment from different setup
 pollutions from industries, household, farms and vehicles cause
health problems for peoples and other animals.it can affect
both air and quality of water in rivers, lake and seas.

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 The main source of environmental pollutant is in many
part of the world is industrial setups.
Industrial pollution is the pollution which can be
directly linked with industry, in contrast to others
pollution source.
it is the pollution of environment by different pollutants
which primarily arise from industrial setup (source of
pollution is industries)
The pollutant can be from the waste of the industries
(either liquid or solid waste) or from the gases which
they release during there manufacturing process.
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 We can classified waste as municipal solid wastes,
industrial wastes, medical wastes, radioactive wastes,
institutional waste ,household waste etc.
 among those Industrial waste share majority of all
wastes and are generated by industrial activities such as
manufacturing, fabrication, construction, chemical plants
and others.
Industrial waste are the main sources of environmental
pollution globally.

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 Industrial wastes are among harmful pollutants that
affect the environment and water bodies through
pollution.
Globally, the rapid increment in industrialization has
led to generation of huge amount of industrial wastes
including hazardous ones.
But, knowledge of these wastes and their impact on
humans and the surrounding environment is very
limited

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 The sources for these wastes include textile and garment
industries, tanning industries, beverage industries, industrial
parks and others.
nowadays, industrial waste water is increasing from
time to time associated with industrial expansion in
cities. As a result, industries have become the
common source of water pollution.

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 We can classify industrial pollutants as
Chemical pollutants which include d/t
organic and inorganic chemicals ,heavy
metals and gases
Biological pollutants . eg. Microorganisms
Physical pollutants. Eg. radiations ,noise,
heat, particulate matters etc..

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 Types of Industrial wastes
Process wastes– The waste generated in an industry
during washing and processing of raw materials. This may
be organic or inorganic depending on the raw materials.
Both are toxic to living organisms
Chemical wastes– The chemical substance generated as a
by-product during the preparation of a product are the
chemical waste product. These include heavy metals and
their ions, detergents, acids and alkalis etc.

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 Industrial waste and pollution in Ethiopia
There are different of small and large scale
manufacturing industries in Ethiopia, mainly in the
major cities of the country like Addis Abeba.
Those industries produce a huge amount of waste
every day and many of them carelessly discharge their
waste in to the environment without any treatment.
 Although the number of industries in Ethiopia is
few, their impact in terms of pollution is enormous

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 Cont…
Many Industries discharge there waste water which
contain different types of heavy metals, toxic
chemicals and non biodegradable wastes In to the
nearby watercourse.
Those pollutants in waste water has acute and chronic
impact on the health of the peoples and the
environment.
The effects will be from simple discomfort to
devastating health impact like cancer and chronic
health impairment.

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 Cont…
Improper management of those vast amount of
industrial wastes is one of the most critical
environmental problems which need concern in
Ethiopia.
This is due to the majority of industries lack
treatment plants and discharges their waste in the
form of liquid, solid, dust particles and smoke directly
to the environmental compartment.

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 Cont…
Many of the industries which found the country are
settled without of environmental impact assessment
and basic criteria to be fulfilled
Before opening industry, its long term impact must be
assessed through EIA principles.

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 Major industrial pollutants in Ethiopia
 Gases
 industries those which use fossil fuel like oil, coal and
natural gas as a source of energy release numerous
amounts of green house gases like Sulphur dioxide
(SO2), carbon monoxide(CO) and oxides of nitrogen
(NOX)
those green house gases leads to air pollution and ,as a
result climate change follow and different respiratory
illness occurs.
Over the past 20 years, nearly three-fourths of human-
caused emissions came from the burning of fossil fuels
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 Cont….
 Chemicals and metals
Industrial chemicals are those with an industrial use - this
covers a broad range of chemicals used in inks, plastics,
adhesives, paints, glues, solvents, cosmetics, soaps and many
other products
Industries use different types of chemicals and heavy metals
as an input or reagents in the processing mechanism.
Most of those are dangerous to human health and environment.
Heavy metals frequently used in different industries
include;lead,chrominium,mercury,iron,cadimium,silver,antimo
ny,copper,magnisium,sodium,phosphrus etc…

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 Cont…
 Solid and liquid waste
Manufacturing industries produce huge amount of solid
waste like plastics, cartons , rubbishes, papers, garments
etc.. as byproduct.
Those solid waste pollute the environment by different
ways.
The also affect the esthetic quality of cities.

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 Cont…
 Liquid wastes
Industries use water as there main input or as cooling
agent and discharge the waste water to the
environment with out any treatment.
The waste water from those industries is highly
contaminated with toxic chemicals ,different
pathologic microorganism and heavy metals which has
a negative effect on the heath of human and
environment ,especially to water ecosystem .

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 Cont….
 Physical pollutants
Many industries are a sources of noise pollution from there
machinery.
Some machinery produce excessive sound above the human
hearing limit .
Dust is another form of environmental pollutant from
industrial setup.

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 Effects of industrial Pollution

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  Water pollution;
Many untreated effluents have been added to water
sources causing these to be polluted.
Sometimes the chemical nature of the water is altered,
sometimes temperature and many nutrient rich
pollution also occurs.
Fish are stressed and died out and Plants are affected
and at the same time insects and amphibians are
affected too.
Eg .the polluted river case in japan with mercury
which cause minimata disease
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  Air pollution;
 Industries are the second major causes of air pollution after
vehicles in Ethiopia.
Industrial by-products in the form of gases are
released from different industries like Iron and steel
industries, power plants to the atmospher.
Those industries produce different green house gas
like SO2,CO,CFCS and Nox which affect our
atmosphere and causes acid rain, global warming and
flooding.
These also cause acute harmful effects on human
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health such as eye irritations, respiratory tract
 Cont…
The residue settles on the plants and is
consumed by the animals which are then
consumed by the larger animals.
The toxins get accumulated in these
animals and cause them harm too. The
plants growth and reproduction is affected.
Acid rain is a consequence of air pollution
following industrial air pollutants.

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  The Main Causes Of Industrial Air Pollution Are:
 Lack of policies to control pollution– many industries bypass laws made
by the pollution control board because of lack of effective policies and poor
enforcement. This is usually done to avoid the higher costs of disposing
wastes correctly or installing waste treatment facilities.
 Unplanned industrial growth– As development and economic growth
takes precedence over environmental or health concerns, rules and norms
are flouted causing unplanned growth of industries.
 Use of outdated technologies– This is again done to avoid the higher cost
of updating technology. Older machinery produce larger amounts of wastes
and it are always good to take advantage of the advances in technology
though the initial costs are higher.
 Presence of large number of small scale industries–When they are
classified as small scale, they do not have too many regulations to follow
and hence end up releasing more toxins /wastes into the environment.
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 Cont…
Inefficient waste disposal– Untreated wastes cause
water and soil pollution directly.it lowers the quality of
air in surrounding areas. Industrial pollution is major
cause of chronic health problems
Leaching of resources from our natural world– This
is the feature of the mining industry which extracts raw
material from the earth. At the same time much of it is
spilt, leached and in case of radioactive materials,
radiation is released. Oil leaks during transportation
are also cause of much of the marine pollution.

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 Soil pollution
Soil pollution is caused by human activities and their
misuse of land resource.
It occurs when waste is not properly disposed .
Health hazard disposal of urban and industrial waste,
exploitation of minerals, improper use of soil by
inadequate agricultural practice are a few factors.
Industrialization is the major source of soil pollution.

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  Loss of wildlife ;
Many species of plants, birds, insects, animals are
affected by industrial pollution ,Habitats are being
destroyed and Scenic locations are affected by these
industries now a day.
Many fish species are affected by toxic effluent which
discharge to the water body.

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 Cont….
 Economic effects ;
Though industrialization may appear to be a sign of
development and progress, the costs involved in
pollution control and clean-up of water sources and
polluted areas is very high.
There is a loss of tourism revenue due to less esthetic
qualities of cities
There is a lot of expenditure on health And sometimes
relocation of entire communities also is required

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 Government function to control industrial
pollution
Pollution assessment
Pollution control regulatory function
Laying down standards for effluents and emission
Research and development including setting up of
demonstration plants
Environmental awareness programs
Advisory role
Establishment of laboratories

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  measures regarding Industrial Pollution in Ethiopia
The Federal government of Ethiopia has placed a high
premium on the environment and It has established the
Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) by the proclamation
no 9/1995 with statutory responsibility for overall protection of
the environment.
Ethiopia also signs different global environmental protection
and pollution reduction conventions in different times.
Eg. Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent
Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in
International Trade, Sep 29, 1998

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 Cont…
 Article 44 and 92 Of FDRE constitution also states the rights of
human to live in pollution free and protected environment and the
duty of the government to assure pollution free environment to its
citizen.
 Ethiopia has Environmental Standards for Industrial Pollution
Control in the country
 This standard set limit to each industrial based environmental
pollutants.
 For example the following are some of the standards to be
considered

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 A. EMISSIONS TO THE ATMOSPHERE
 During Continuous Monitoring:
A. No 24 hour mean value shall exceed the emission limit value.
B.97% of all 30 minute mean values taken continuously over an
annual period shall not exceed
1.2 times the emission limit value.
C. No 30 minute mean value shall exceed twice the emission limit
value.
D. For Total Organic Carbon (as C) concentration limits, no hourly
average value shall exceed 1.5 times the emission limit value.

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  During Non-Continuous Monitoring:
E. For flow, no hourly or daily mean value, calculated on
the basis of appropriate spot readings, shall exceed the
relevant limit value.
F. Mass flow threshold refers to a rate of discharge
expressed in units of kg/h, above which concentration the
emission limit value applies. Mass flow threshold rates
shall be determined
on the basis of a single 30 minute measurement (i.e. the
concentration determined as a 30 minute average shall be
multiplied by an appropriate measurement of flow and the
result shall be expressed in units of kg/h).

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 G. Mass flow limits shall be calculated on the basis of the
concentration, determined as an average over the specified
period, multiplied by an appropriate measurement of flow. No
value, so determined, shall exceed the mass flow limit value.
H. For all Total Organic Carbon (as C) concentration limits,
the average of all readings in one monitoring exercise shall not
exceed the emission limit value and no hourly average value
shall exceed 1.5 times the emission limit. At least three
readings shall be obtained in each monitoring exercise.

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 I. For all other parameters, no 30 minute mean value shall exceed the
emission limit value. The concentration and volume flow limits for
emissions to the atmosphere shall be achieved without the introduction of
dilution air and shall be based on gas volumes under standard conditions.
J. In the case of non-combustion gases, a temperature of 2730K, and a
pressure of 101.3 Kpa without any correction for oxygen or water content.
K. In the case of combustion gases, a temperature 2730K, and a pressure
101.3 KPa of dry gas with 3% oxygen for liquid and gas fuels, 6% oxygen
for solid fuels, and 10% oxygen for thermal oxidizers etc..

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B. EMISSIONS TO WATER:
Limit values for emissions to water shall be interpreted in the
following way:-
During continuous monitoring:
a) No flow value shall exceed the specified limit.
b) No pH value shall deviate from the specified range.
c) No temperature value shall exceed the limit value.

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 Cont….
 During Non-Continuous Monitoring:

d) No pH value shall deviate from the specified range

e) No temperature value shall exceed the limit value.
f) For parameters other than pH, temperature and discharge, eight
out of ten consecutive results, calculated as daily mean
concentration or mass emission values on the basis of flow
proportional composite sampling, shall not exceed the emission
limit value. No individual result similarly calculated shall exceed
1.2 times the emission limit value.
g) For parameters other than pH, temperature, and flow, no grab
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sample value shall exceed 1.2 times the emission limit value.
30 March 2024
 Cont…
 Ethiopia also has different policies, proclamations and
regulation at national level to keep the environment from
pollution.
 From these the following can be mentioned
 Regulation No 159/2008, Prevention of Industrial Pollution
Regulation
 Pursuant to Proclamation 300/2002, a regulation to prevent
industrial pollution was developed by the Federal EPA and
endorsed by the Council of Ministers to ensure compatibility of
industrial development with environmental conservation.
 This regulation confers important obligations to industrial
operators.

43 A factory subject to the regulations is obliged to prevent30or
March 2024
minimize the generation and release of pollutants to a level not
 Cont…
 The regulation also obliges industrial operators to handle
its equipment, inputs and products in a manner that
prevents damage to the environment and to human health.
 Moreover, the regulations urge industrial operators to
prepare and implement an emergency response system of
their own.
 On the other hand, industrial operators are required to
prepare and implement internal environmental monitoring
systems and keep written records of the pollutants
generated and the disposal mechanisms used to get rid of
the pollutants.
 In relation to it, factories are required by the regulation to

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submit annual compliance reports with the provision of the
30 March 2024
regulations.
  Industrial chemical registration and administration
proclamation No. 1075/2018
This Proclamation provides rules for registration and
the handling of industrial chemicals”. It has the
following objectives:
1/ establishing a national system for registration and
administration of industrial chemicals; and
2/ preventing and controlling the adverse effects arising
from the mismanagement of chemicals to the human and
animals health as well as environment safety that may
occur in the transaction of industrial chemicals.

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 Cont..
 According to the proclamation….
 Any person who engages in the importation, exportation, transportation and
storage of industrial chemicals that has been restricted by Rotterdam
Convention and directive issued by the Ministry shall obtain a certificate of
competence from Ministry or competent authority.
 No person shall produce, import, pack, sell, distribute, store or use industrial
chemicals unless registered by competent authority.
 The competent authority (defined) shall report annually information about
administered chemicals to the ministry of Industry.
 There are also reporting obligations for any person who is producing,
importing, exporting, distributing and using industrial chemicals.
 The Proclamation contains rules on the packaging and labelling of industrial
chemicals. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change shall
have the authority to monitor and control enforcement of chemical related
activities

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 Industrial pollution control
 Techniques
Recycling
Reusing
Reducing
Preventing
Mitigating
Composting

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 Cont…methos..
Control at source
- Source control is by careful selection of raw material, proper
maintenance of machinery , adoption of newer technologies
and know- how, setting up efficiently functioning waste
treatment facilities etc.
Selection of industry site
- This is a very important factor considering the environment
around the factory
Treatment of industrial wastes
- Wastes must be treated before disposal.
Plantation
- Need to plant and grow more trees as these act as buffers and
natural purifiers for the environment
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 Cont…
Stringent Government Action; Government
agencies such as the Environmental Protection
Agency must be allowed to take stringent action
against defaulters and corporations that flout the
rules laid down by such agencies.
Assessment of environmental Impact
- Environmental impact assessment should be
carried out regularly which intends to identify and
evaluate the potential and harmful impacts of the
industries on natural ecosystem.
Strict implementation of Environmental
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Protection Act.
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  Reference
Ethiopian environmental protection authority wed
page (EEPA)
Environmental Standards for Industrial
Pollution Control in Ethiopia.
Pollution prevention and abatement hand book 1998.
Industrial pollution and control techniques, 2nd
edition, nansy j.sell.

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 Thank you all!!

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