PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL NUTRITION

GROUP THREE (3)

 PRESENTATION OUTLINE
 INTRODUCTION

 NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT

 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF RATION FORMULATION

 CONCLUSION
GROUP MEMBERS
 TAKYI DERRICK
 MENSAH EMMANUEL
 GODFRED NARH
 AWUKU JOSEPH
 FATIMA ISSAH
 BEDZO EYRAM BEATRICE
 ADJEIKAA SUSANNA OFORI
 MAVIS OWUSU
 AGYEIWAA ESTHER
 APPIAH OWUSUAA ANGELINA
 MAXWELL ABOHYEN ASIEDU
 AYEBIDA BENEDICTA TETTEH
 DEHO PATIENCE
 saha et el.... INTRODUCTION
 Formulating animal rations involves selecting and combining a number of
feedstuffs to meet the animal requirements at the lowest possible cost, for the
most economical level of production. In its most basic form, it has developed
along with the domestication and keeping of livestock, and ration formulation as
a daily farm practice requires knowledge on availability, price and composition of
feeds.
 It also requires insight into the nutrient requirements of the animals. The nutrient
requirements of farm animals vary depending on factors such as species, age,
weight, reproductive status, activity level, and environmental conditions.
 NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT

 Nutrients are the essential substances found in food that are necessary
for the growth, development, maintenance, and repair of the body.
They provide the body with energy, support various physiological
functions, and help maintain overall health. Nutrients can be
categorized into several groups:
1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins 3. Fats
4. Vitamins 5. Minerals 6. Water
CONT.... CARBOHYDRATES
 Carbohydrates are the basic source of energy for all animals. Animals obtain
their carbohydrates from the external environment (compared with plants, which
synthesize carbohydrates by photosynthesis). About one-half to two-thirds of the
total calories every animal consumes daily are from carbohydrates. Glucose is the
carbohydrate most often used as an energy source.
 Animals need much more energy (and more total feed) for growth, work, or milk
production than for simple maintenance.Simple carbohydrates such as sugars and
starches are readily digested by all animals.
 FATS
 Fat in feeds has a high nutritive value because it is easily digested and because it
supplies about two and one-quarter times as much energy as an equal weight of
starch or sugar. While fat has a high nutritive value, it can be replaced by an
equivalent amount of digestible carbohydrates in the feed, except for small
amounts of essential fatty acids.
WATER
 Water is a major item in most animal’s diet. The water content of animal body
varies with age. New born or Neonates contains 750 – 800gkg-1 of water, but this
reduces to about 500gkg-1 in mature fat animal. Water is vital to life and its
contents should be maintained.
 PROTEINS
 For immature animals, protein is also needed for growth of the
muscles and other parts of the body. All animals require a small
amount of protein for maintenance; although thier requirement varies.
Protein and amino acid requirements are expressed as the amounts of
digestible protein or amino acids needed for growth or other body
functions, either as a percentage of the diet or as the total grams or
units required per day.
 MINERALS
 Minerals essential for animal life include common salt (sodium
chloride), calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, magnesium,
manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, iodine, zinc, molybdenum etc.
All farm animals generally need more common salt than is contained
in their feeds, and they are supplied with it regularly. They may be
classed as macro or trace minerals depending on the amounts needed.
Rations are not normally balanced for these nutrients, but adequate
amounts must be provided for desired rates of growth.
 VITAMINS
 Necessary for various metabolic functions, including growth,
reproduction, and immune function. Vitamins required by farm animals
include vitamins A, D, E, and K, as well as the B-complex vitamins.
Vitamin A, which is said to be lacking in livestock feeds, is required
for growth, reproduction, milk production, and the maintenance of
normal resistance to respiratory infections.
Vitamin D enables animals to use calcium and phosphorus; a
deficiency causes rickets in young growing animals
saha et el.. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF RATION
FORMULATION
 Livestock husbandry in early civilization involved feeding strategies based on
whatever was provided by the natural environment. Animals were left to graze on
vegetation abundantly available in those days, while they were hardly fed
anything at home.
 Today, this ecological balance between supply and demand of animal products is
gradually disappearing. A man-made environment has evolved, using new
methods replacing the old natural management techniques. As far as the feed
inputs in most farm systems today are concerned, insufficient feeds are produced
Dr. P. Ravikanth Reddy MVSc, PhD.. PRINCIPLES OF RATION
FORMULATION
 Formulate the feed according to age, weight, function, and environmental
conditions.
 Formulate the ration based on various physiological states i.e. maintenance,
growth, gestation or lactation
 Select suitable ingredients to help ensure that the ration is nutritionally balanced,
palatable, safe, and economical
 Practical diet formulation should be flexible to accommodate price and available
feedstuffs.
 Ration should meet the demand of the animal. Ingredient should be purchased
based on the nutrient quantity for more specificity.
 CONCLUSION
 Ration formulation is a critical aspect of animal nutrition. It involves creating
specific feed combinations tailored to meet the nutritional needs of the animals.
Proper formulation ensures that the animals receive the necessary nutrients for
their growth and productivity.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR

TIME !