Expert systems

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1. An expert system is a computer program that is designed to

solve complex problems and to provide decision-making ability
like a human expert.

2. One of the common examples of an ES is a suggestion of

spelling errors while typing in the Google search box.
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Characteristics of Expert Systems

1. High Performance: The expert system provides high

performance for solving any type of complex problem of a
specific domain with high efficiency and accuracy.

2. Understandable: It responds in a way that can easily be

understandable by the user. It can take input in human language
and provides the output in the same way.

3. Reliable: It is much reliable for generating an efficient

and accurate output.

4. Highly responsive: ES provides the result for any complex query

within a very short period of time.
◤ Applications of Expert Systems

1. In designing and manufacturing domain:- It can be broadly

used for designing and manufacturing physical devices such
as camera lenses and automobiles.

2. Planning and Scheduling:- The expert systems can also be

used for planning and scheduling some particular tasks for
achieving the goal of that task

3. In the diagnosis and troubleshooting of devices:- In medical

diagnosis, the ES system is used, and it was the first area
where these systems were used.
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Examples of an expert system

1. PXDES – It could easily determine the type and the degree

of lung cancer in a patient based on the data.

2. CaDet – It is a clinical support system that could identify

cancer in its early stages in patients.

3. Dxplain – It was also a clinical support system that could suggest a

variety of diseases based on the findings of the doctor
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Architecture of Expert Systems
◤ 1. Knowledge Base (KB): It contains the
knowledge necessary for understanding,
formulating, & problem solving.

2. Working Memory(Blackboard): It describes the current problem &

record intermediate results.Records Intermediate Hypothesis &
Decisions: 1. Plan, 2. Agenda, 3. Solution

3. Inference Engine: the deduction system used to infer results from

user input & KB.It is the brain of the ES, the control structure(rule
interpreter)

4. Explanation Subsystem (Justifier): It explains the ES behaviour by

interactively answering question: Why?, How?, What?, Where?,
When?, Who?

5. User Interface: interfaces with user through Natural Language

Processing (NLP), or menus & graphics. Acts as Language
Processor for friendly, problem-oriented communication
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Advantages of Expert Systems

1. Low accessibility cost.

2. Fast response.

3. Not affected by emotions, unlike humans.

4. Low error rate.

5. Capable of explaining how they reached a solution.

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Disadvantages of Expert Systems

1. The expert system has no emotions.

2. Common sense is the main issue of the expert system.

3. It is developed for a specific domain.

4. It needs to be updated manually. It does not learn itself.

5. Not capable to explain the logic behind the decision.

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