A Historical Perspective

THE EVOLUTION OF
EDUCATION
SYSTEMS
 Definition of the old education system
 The "old education system" typically refers to the
traditional methods, structures, and philosophies
prevalent in educational systems before
significant reforms and modernization took place.
This system is often characterized by several
key features:
 Rote Learning: Emphasis was placed on
memorization and repetition rather than critical
thinking or practical application of knowledge.
Students were expected to memorize facts,
formulas, and information without necessarily
understanding the underlying concepts.
 Teacher-Centered Approach: The teacher was
the primary authority figure, and learning
occurred through lectures and direct instruction.
Students were passive recipients of information
rather than active participants in their learning
process.
 Limited Flexibility and Individualization: The
curriculum was rigid and standardized, offering
little room for customization based on students'
individual interests, abilities, or learning styles.
 Subject Silos: Education was
compartmentalized into distinct subjects
without much integration or
interdisciplinary learning. The focus was
often on core subjects like reading,
writing, mathematics, and sciences.

Assessment Based on Memorization:
Evaluation methods predominantly relied
on standardized tests and assessments
that tested memorized knowledge rather
than critical thinking, problem-solving, or
practical skills.
 Uniform Classroom Setup: Classrooms
were typically arranged with rows of
desks facing the teacher, promoting a
formal and structured environment.
 Limited Technology Integration:
Technology, if present, had a minimal role
in the learning process. Educational tools
were primarily books, chalkboards, and
other traditional teaching aids.
Gurukul system Modern system
 Origins of the traditional education
system
 The origins of the traditional education system can be traced back to ancient
civilizations where the concept of formalized education began to take shape:

 Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt: Education was primarily reserved for the elite
class, focusing on training scribes and priests. In Mesopotamia, clay tablets were
used for writing, while in Egypt, hieroglyphics were taught.

 Ancient Greece: The Greeks greatly valued education. Athenian democracy

encouraged the education of citizens to participate in governance. Education primarily
took place in informal settings like homes and private tutoring by philosophers like
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

 Ancient China: Confucianism heavily influenced education in China. The emphasis

was on moral values, social harmony, and education for the ruling class. The imperial
examination system was established to select government officials based on their
knowledge of Confucian texts.

 Ancient India: Gurukuls, traditional residential schools led by gurus, were the centers
of education. Students lived with the teacher, learning various subjects including
 Evolution over centuries
 
The evolution of education over centuries has
been a dynamic process, influenced by
societal changes, philosophical movements,
technological advancements, and educational
reforms. Here's a broad overview of its
progression:
 Ancient and Medieval Education (Pre-15th
Century): Education was primarily reserved
for the elite class or religious institutions. It
focused on classical literature, philosophy,
theology, and practical skills like agriculture or
craftsmanship. Teaching methods included
oral instruction, apprenticeships, and
memorization of texts.
 Renaissance and Enlightenment (15th to
18th Century): The Renaissance
emphasized humanism, promoting a broader
range of subjects including art, literature,
science, and mathematics. With the
Enlightenment, there was a shift towards
reason, empirical evidence, and critical
thinking, influencing educational philosophies.
Progressive Education (Late 19th to
20th Century): Educational philosophers
like Dewey and Montessori advocated for
child-centered approaches, focusing on
experiential learning, practical skills, and
individualized instruction.
 Post-World War Era (Mid-20th Century):
The mid-20th century saw a significant
expansion of education globally. It became
a key driver of economic growth and social
mobility, leading to increased access to
education for many.
 Digital Age and Modern Education (Late
20th Century to Present): Technological
advancements revolutionized education,
introducing computers, the internet, and
digital resources. This era brought about a
shift towards personalized learning, online
education, and the integration of
technology in teaching and learning
processes.
 Rote learning
 Rote learning refers to the memorization of information through
repetition without necessarily understanding the underlying concepts
or principles. It's a method where information is learned by repetition
until it's ingrained in memory, often without deeper comprehension.
 Key aspects of rote learning include:
 Repetition: The primary technique involves repeating information
multiple times until it's memorized. This repetition aims to reinforce
memory but might lack understanding or critical thinking.
 Emphasis on Memorization: Rote learning focuses on memorizing
facts, formulas, or text without necessarily understanding the context
or reasons behind the information.
 Application-Less Learning: Students might be able to recall
information but struggle to apply it to new situations or think critically
about it.
Rote learning has been a traditional method in many educational systems,
particularly in subjects like multiplication tables, historical dates, vocabulary,
or grammar rules. While it can be useful for memorizing foundational
knowledge, it's often criticized for its limitations:

Lack of Understanding: Students may memorize without grasping the

concepts, leading to shallow learning.

Inability to Apply Knowledge: Rote learners might struggle to apply

memorized information in problem-solving or real-world situations.

Reduced Creativity and Critical Thinking: Rote learning doesn't

necessarily encourage creativity or the ability to analyze and evaluate
information critically.
Modern education increasingly emphasizes understanding, critical thinking,
and application of knowledge rather than mere memorization. Educational
approaches now focus on engaging students actively, promoting deeper
comprehension, problem-solving skills, and encouraging learning that goes
beyond .
 Emphasis on memorization

 The emphasis on memorization in education  However, while memorization was

historically stemmed from the belief that a well-
educated individual should possess a vast amount
a foundational aspect of
of knowledge. Here are some reasons why education, its overemphasis had
memorization was heavily emphasized in
traditional education:
drawbacks:
 Knowledge Base: In the absence of widespread
written texts or easily accessible references, 
memorization was a means to preserve and Lack of Understanding:
transmit knowledge across generations. Memorizing without understanding
Memorizing information ensured it could be
passed down reliably. the concepts can lead to
 Cultural and Religious Traditions: Many ancient superficial knowledge.
educational systems were tied to religious or 
cultural teachings. Memorization of religious texts,
Limited Critical Thinking: It may
poetry, or important cultural literature was seen as inhibit the development of critical
essential to preserving cultural identity.

thinking or problem-solving skills.
Assessment Method: Memorization was a
practical method for assessing students'  Inflexible Learning: Students
knowledge in the absence of more sophisticated
evaluation techniques. Reciting memorized
may struggle to adapt memorized
information demonstrated a student's grasp of the information to real-world
subject matter.

situations.
Limited Access to Resources: In earlier times,
access to books or written material was restricted.
Therefore, memorization was essential to retain
 Teacher-centered approach
 A teacher-centered approach, also known as  While the teacher-centered approach has
the traditional or "sage-on-the-stage" model, been prevalent for a long time, it has faced
places the teacher as the primary source of criticism due to its limitations:
knowledge and authority in the classroom. In
this approach:  Lack of Engagement: Students might
become disengaged or lose interest in the
 subject matter when not actively involved
Knowledge Transmission: The teacher
in the learning process.
delivers information through lectures,
presentations, and demonstrations, while
 Limited Critical Thinking: The focus on
students are expected to absorb and
information transmission might hinder
memorize this information.
students' ability to think critically, problem-
 Structured Curriculum: The curriculum is solve, or apply knowledge in practical
predetermined, and the teacher follows a set scenarios.
syllabus, often without much flexibility to
deviate based on students' interests or  Inequality in Learning: This approach
needs. might not cater to diverse learning styles or
 Passive Learning: Students are passive individual needs, leaving some students
recipients of information. They listen, take behind.
notes, and follow instructions without much
opportunity for active participation or critical
thinking.
 Limited subjects taught
 In traditional educational systems, a limited
range of subjects was often taught,
typically focusing on foundational or core
areas of study. Some common reasons for
the limited scope of subjects include:
 Historical Emphasis: Earlier educational
systems were designed to impart essential
skills deemed necessary for functioning in
society. These often included reading,
writing, arithmetic, and sometimes religious
or cultural studies.
 Cultural Priorities: Subjects taught were
often influenced by the dominant cultural or
societal values of the time. For instance, in
some cultures, the emphasis was on
subjects related to governance, literature,
or religious teachings.
 However, this limited scope had drawbacks:
 Narrow Skill Set: Students might have been
proficient in specific areas but lacked exposure
to a broader range of disciplines, limiting their
skill development and understanding of
diverse subjects.
 Lack of Holistic Development: Education
focusing on a handful of subjects might not
have addressed the holistic development of
students, including their creative, social, or
emotional growth.
 Modern education systems recognize the
importance of a well-rounded education and
the benefits of exposure to diverse subjects.
This has led to the inclusion of a broader
range of subjects in curricula, including arts,
sciences, humanities, vocational studies,
technology, and more. This diversified
approach aims to provide students with a
wider knowledge base, critical thinking skills,
and the ability to adapt to a rapidly changing
 Emphasis on core subjects (reading, writing, arithmetic)
 The emphasis on core subjects like reading, writing,
and arithmetic in traditional education stems from
their perceived foundational importance. Here's why
these subjects were historically emphasized:
 Basic Life Skills: Reading, writing, and arithmetic
were considered essential for daily life and
functioning in society. Literacy and numeracy formed
the basis for communication, understanding laws,
conducting business, and participating in civic
activities.
 Cultural and Historical Significance: These
subjects have been foundational in many civilizations
and were deemed critical for transmitting cultural
heritage, literature, and historical knowledge.
 Practical Utility: Proficiency in these subjects was
crucial for various professions. Basic arithmetic skills
were necessary for commerce, while reading and
writing were essential for administrative tasks and
record-keeping.
 Foundational Knowledge: Mastery of these subjects
provided a basis for learning other disciplines. For
instance, strong reading skills are essential for
accessing information in various subjects, while
arithmetic forms the basis for advanced mathematical
 However, the emphasis on these core subjects
had limitations:
 Narrow Focus: Overemphasis on these subjects
might have led to neglecting other equally
important areas of learning, such as arts, sciences,
social studies, and vocational skills.
 Limited Holistic Development: Focusing solely
on these subjects might have overlooked the
development of critical thinking, creativity, and
other essential skills necessary for success in a
rapidly changing world.
 Modern education acknowledges the importance
of these core subjects while also recognizing the
need for a more comprehensive, interdisciplinary
approach. Educational reforms now emphasize a
broader curriculum that includes STEM subjects
(Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics),
humanities, arts, and vocational studies. This
broader approach aims to provide a well-rounded
education that nurtures various skills needed for
success in diverse fields and promotes holistic
development in students.
 Lecture-based teaching
 Lecture-based teaching is a traditional instructional
method where the teacher delivers information to
students through spoken presentations, often in a
one-way communication format. This approach
involves the teacher as the primary speaker, while
students passively listen and take notes.

Here are some key features of lecture-based
teaching:
 Information Delivery: The teacher presents
information on a specific topic or subject matter
through verbal explanations, often supported by
visual aids like slides or chalkboard diagrams.
 
Teacher-Centric: The teacher holds the central role
in the classroom, speaking for the majority of the
class time, while students assume a more passive
role as listeners.
 Limited Student Engagement: Students'
participation is often limited to listening, taking notes,
and occasionally asking questions. Opportunities for
active engagement or interaction among students
can be minimal.
 Efficiency in Content Delivery: Lectures can
efficiently cover a large amount of content within a
relatively short time frame, making it a common
method for transmitting information in a structured
 While lecture-based teaching has been a
prevalent instructional method for centuries and
has certain advantages:
 Structured Information Delivery: It provides a
systematic way of presenting information,
allowing for a clear progression of topics and
concepts.
 Expert Knowledge Sharing: Lectures can be
effective for sharing the expertise and knowledge
of experienced educators or subject matter
experts.
However, there are criticisms and limitations to
this approach:
 Passive Learning: Students might become
passive recipients of information, leading to
limited engagement and understanding.
 Varied Learning Styles Ignored: Not all
students learn effectively through auditory
lectures; different learning styles may not be
accommodated.
 Limited Interactivity: Opportunities for
discussion, critical thinking, and application of
knowledge might be limited in a lecture-centered
 Little to no interactive or hands-on
learning
 In traditional educational settings, especially in
the past, interactive or hands-on learning was
often minimal or absent due to various reasons:
 Resource Limitations: Lack of resources, such
as materials, equipment, or facilities, limited
opportunities for hands-on learning experiences.
 
Pedagogical Approaches: Traditional teaching
methods were often centered around lectures
and rote learning, where direct interaction or
hands-on activities were not considered
essential.
 recognize the importance of interactive and hands-
Classroom Structure: Large class sizes and
rigid classroom setups with desks facing the
teacher made it challenging to facilitate
interactive or hands-on activities.
 Assessment Methods: Evaluation often relied
on standardized tests or written exams, which
focused on memorization rather than practical
application of knowledge.
 Teacher-Centric Model: The teacher held a
central authority, and the emphasis was more on
information transmission rather than fostering
interactive learning experiences.
 However, the absence of interactive or hands-on
learning had limitations:
 Limited Engagement: Students might have
struggled to stay engaged or retain information
without active participation.
Skill Development: Practical skills, critical thinking,
problem-solving, and creativity could be
underdeveloped without hands-on experiences.
 Modern educational practices increasingly
on learning for several reasons:
 Enhanced Engagement: Active participation
through experiments, discussions, group work, and
real-world applications can increase student
engagement and interest in the subject matter.
 Deeper Understanding: Hands-on experiences
allow students to apply theoretical knowledge,
fostering a deeper understanding of concepts.
 Skill Development: Interactive learning promotes
the development of critical thinking, problem-
solving, collaboration, and communication skills.
 Standardized testing
 Standardized testing refers to assessments
where all test takers answer the same questions
under the same conditions, with their responses
scored in a consistent manner. These tests
typically include multiple-choice questions,
essays, or other formats and are administered
and scored uniformly.
 Here are some key aspects of standardized
testing:
 
Consistency: Standardized tests are designed
to be administered and scored consistently
across different locations and times to ensure
fairness and comparability of results.
 Objective Evaluation: The scoring process is
typically objective and uniform, minimizing bias in
evaluation.
 Measuring Proficiency: They aim to measure a
student's proficiency in specific subjects or skills
based on established criteria or standards.
 Systemic Assessment: These tests are often
used to evaluate the effectiveness of educational
programs, measure student learning outcomes,
 While standardized testing has its advantages:
 Measuring Academic Achievement: It provides a
standardized way to assess students' academic
skills and knowledge, allowing for comparisons
across regions or schools.
 Identifying Strengths and Weaknesses: Results
can help identify areas where students excel or
need additional support.
There are criticisms and limitations to standardized
testing:
 Narrow Assessment: Standardized tests often
focus on a limited set of skills or knowledge,
potentially overlooking other valuable aspects of
learning, such as critical thinking, creativity, or
practical skills.
 Test Anxiety and Pressure: High-stakes
standardized testing can lead to stress and anxiety
among students, affecting their performance.
 One-Size-Fits-All Approach: Students with
different learning styles or abilities might not
perform well in standardized tests that don't cater to
 Inflexibility in meeting diverse student needs
 In traditional educational settings, inflexibility in
meeting diverse student needs was a common
issue due to several reasons:
 One-Size-Fits-All Approach: Curricula and
teaching methods were often standardized,
catering to a generalized student population
without accounting for individual learning styles,
abilities, or interests.
 Rigid Structure: The traditional classroom setup
and teaching methodologies often lacked
adaptability, making it challenging to
accommodate diverse learning needs within the
same environment.
 Limited Differentiation: Teachers might have
faced difficulties in providing personalized
attention or adapting their teaching strategies to
address the varied needs of students with
different learning paces, abilities, or
backgrounds.
 Emphasis on Uniform Standards: Educational
systems sometimes prioritized uniform standards
and assessments, leaving little room for flexibility
or customization based on individual student
needs.
 This inflexibility had implications:
 Learning Gaps: Students with different learning
styles or needs might have been left behind,
leading to gaps in understanding and
performance.
 Disengagement: Students who didn't fit into the
traditional teaching model might have become
disengaged or disinterested in learning.
 Modern educational approaches increasingly aim
to address these challenges:
 Personalized Learning: Using technology,
adaptive learning platforms, and differentiated
instruction, educators can tailor learning
experiences to meet individual student needs,
pacing, and interests.
 Inclusive Practices: Emphasis on inclusive
education ensures that diverse learners,
including those with disabilities or special needs,
receive appropriate support and
accommodations.
 Evolution Triggers
 Technological Advancements: Technological progress has revolutionized education. The advent of
computers, the internet, educational software, and digital resources has transformed how information is
accessed, shared, and taught. It has facilitated distance learning, interactive education platforms, and
personalized learning experiences, enhancing accessibility and flexibility in education.
 Societal Shifts and Demands: Changes in societal needs, workforce demands, and global economic shifts
have played a pivotal role in reshaping education. The demand for specific skills, such as critical thinking,
problem-solving, creativity, and adaptability, has led to a shift in educational focus from rote learning to skill
development and practical application of knowledge.
 Globalization and Cultural Exchange: Increased globalization has brought diverse cultures and
perspectives together. Education has adapted to foster intercultural understanding, global citizenship, and
cross-cultural communication skills, preparing students for a more interconnected world.
 Evolving Pedagogical Philosophies: Shifts in educational philosophies, such as the move from teacher-
centered to student-centered learning, have influenced the way education is delivered. Emphasis on
experiential learning, inquiry-based approaches, and collaborative learning environments has gained
prominence.
 Economic and Industrial Changes: Changes in industries, job requirements, and the rise of knowledge-
based economies have demanded a workforce equipped with advanced skills. Education has responded by
emphasizing STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics), vocational training, and
interdisciplinary studies.

 These triggers have prompted educational systems to adapt and evolve to meet the demands of a rapidly
changing world. The integration of technology, shifts in pedagogy, and a focus on holistic skill development
reflect efforts to align education with the needs of modern society and equip learners with the skills
 Transition to Modern Education
 The transition from traditional to modern education has been influenced by several factors, prompting
significant changes in educational paradigms. Two crucial elements driving this transition are:

 Factors Prompting Change:

 Technological Advancements: The rapid evolution of technology has reshaped how information is accessed,
communicated, and utilized in education. The availability of online resources, digital tools, and interactive learning
platforms has necessitated a shift in teaching methodologies.
 Globalization and Changing Job Landscape: Globalization has transformed the job market, emphasizing the need for a
workforce with diverse skill sets like critical thinking, problem-solving, adaptability, and collaboration. This shift in demand
has prompted a reevaluation of educational goals.
 Research on Learning: Educational research and psychological studies have emphasized the importance of
personalized learning experiences, acknowledging that different students have unique learning styles, strengths, and
needs.
 Evolving Societal Expectations: Society increasingly values creativity, innovation, and adaptability alongside traditional
academic knowledge. Educational systems are adapting to meet these changing expectations.

 Shift Towards Student-Centered Learning:

 Personalized Learning: Modern education is moving towards personalized or student-centered approaches. This model
prioritizes individual student needs, allowing for tailored learning experiences based on interests, pace, and abilities.
 Active Engagement: Student-centered learning encourages active engagement, collaboration, and critical thinking. It
promotes hands-on experiences, problem-solving, and project-based learning to enhance understanding and application
of knowledge.
 Inquiry-Based Learning: This approach fosters curiosity and self-directed learning, where students explore topics, ask
questions, and seek answers, promoting a deeper understanding of concepts.
 Technology Integration: Student-centered learning often leverages technology to facilitate individualized learning paths,
 New Education
Old Education Policy V/S
Policy

Rote Learning Holistic Development

Inequality in Access Flexible Curriculum

Outdated Infrastructure Student-Centric Approach

Assessment Reforms
Teacher-Centric Approach
Technology Integration
Standardized Curriculum
 Advantages and disadvantages of NEP
 Absolutely, modern education has brought about positive impacts,
notably in increasing student engagement and enhancing critical
thinking and problem-solving skills:
 Increased Student Engagement:
 Interactive Learning Platforms: Modern education
incorporates technology and interactive platforms that cater to
diverse learning styles, allowing students to engage actively
with the learning material.
 Personalized Learning: Tailored learning experiences based
on individual needs, interests, and abilities enhance student
motivation and engagement. It allows students to take
ownership of their learning journey.
 Collaborative Learning: Project-based activities, group work,
and discussions foster a collaborative environment,
encouraging students to participate actively and learn from
peers.
 neglecting local cultures, languages, and specific educational needs.
Enhanced Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving Skills:
 Emphasis on Inquiry-Based Learning: Modern education
encourages students to ask questions, analyze information, and
seek solutions independently, fostering critical thinking skills.
 Real-World Applications: Project-based learning and hands-
on experiences provide opportunities for students to apply
theoretical knowledge to real-world scenarios, honing their
problem-solving abilities.
 Complex Learning Tasks: Modern education often presents
students with complex challenges or tasks, encouraging them to
think critically, analyze situations, and find creative solutions.
 The New Education Policy (NEP) implemented in various
countries has received both praise and criticism. Some of the
perceived disadvantages or concerns associated with the NEP
include:
 Implementation Challenges:
 Resource Allocation: Implementing the NEP might require
significant investments in infrastructure, teacher training, and
curriculum development, posing financial challenges for many
educational institutions.
 Training and Capacity Building: Educators might need extensive
training to adapt to the new methodologies and pedagogical
approaches outlined in the NEP, which could take time and
resources.
 Standardization and Uniformity Concerns:
 Rigid Standards: Critics argue that the policy's standardized
framework might limit regional diversity and flexibility, potentially
 Unequal Access: The standardization might exacerbate disparities
in access to quality education, especially in remote or underprivileged
areas, where resources and infrastructure might be limited.
 Assessment and Evaluation Challenges:
 Overemphasis on Exams: Concerns exist that the NEP might
perpetuate an exam-centric evaluation system, focusing more on
assessment scores rather than holistic skill development.
 Lack of Adaptability in Assessments: Critics worry that the policy
might not adequately address diverse learning styles and abilities,
potentially disadvantaging students with different strengths.
Difference between old education system and
new education policy
 The traditional education
system in India emphasized
rote learning, memorization,
and a rigid curriculum. It
prioritized theoretical
knowledge over practical skills
and lacked flexibility, often
leading to limited critical
thinking and creativity among
students. t emphasized
theoretical knowledge over
practical application, lacked
flexibility, and often stifled
creativity and critical thinking.
Old education system

The National Education Policy
(NEP) of India, introduced in
2020, aims to transform the
education system
comprehensively. It focuses on
holistic learning, flexibility, skill
development, and innovation.
The NEP promotes
multidisciplinary education, early
childhood care, vocational
training, and technology
integration to meet evolving
societal needs.
New education system
Old Education System:
 Rote Learning Emphasis:
 Rely heavily on memorization
and rote learning.
 Primarily focused on
theoretical knowledge.
 Rigid Curriculum:
 Fixed curriculum with limited
flexibility.
 Segregated subjects with
minimal cross-disciplinary
options.
 Assessment-Centric
Approach:
 Emphasis on high-stakes
examinations.
 Evaluation based on rote
memorization and
regurgitation.
 New Education Policy
(NEP) 2020:
 Shift from Rote Learning
to Conceptual
Understanding:
 Emphasizes understanding
concepts over memorization.
 Focuses on critical thinking,
problem-solving, and creativity.
 Flexible and
Multidisciplinary
Curriculum:
 Encourages flexibility in
choosing subjects and
multidisciplinary learning.
 Promotes a 5+3+3+4 structure
for a more holistic approach.
 Limited Holistic Development:
 Neglected holistic
development, extracurricular
activities, and skill-building.
 Lacked focus on critical
thinking, creativity, and
practical application.
 Teacher-Centric Model:
 Teacher-centered learning
with limited student
participation.
 Teachers held the primary
authority in imparting
knowledge.
 Inequality in Access:
 Disparities in access to quality
education between urban and
rural areas.
 Assessment Reforms:
 Shifts from summative to formative
assessments.
 Emphasizes competency-based
evaluations and reduces exam-centric
stress.
 Holistic Development:
 Focuses on holistic development
including arts, sports, vocational skills,
and ethical values.
 Encourages experiential learning and
life skills development.
 Teacher Empowerment:
 Promotes continuous professional
development for teachers.
 Encourages a more interactive and
student-centered approach to
teaching.
 Inclusivity and Access:
 Aims for equitable access to quality
education across socio-economic
backgrounds.
 Focuses on reducing disparities
between regions and different types of
Conclusion and Looking Forward
 Conclusion: The old education system served as a
foundational structure, emphasizing discipline and core
academics. However, its limitations in fostering creativity,
critical thinking, and inclusivity have prompted an evolution
in educational methodologies.
 Looking Forward: Embracing modern education involves
integrating technology, personalized learning approaches,
and diverse skill development. The shift aims to nurture
adaptable, creative thinkers capable of thriving in a rapidly
changing world.
 This slide aims to succinctly summarize the strengths and
limitations of the old education system while highlighting
the direction and goals of the ongoing evolution in
education.
Tradional British New
system of education education
education system system

Timeline of evolution of
education system
Credits:
Crafted by –
Saksham Bhagat

English explanation –
Sidhant Thakur ,
Upinder Pal ,
Naveed .

Hindi explanation –
Saksham Bhagat ,
Shivansh Gupta ,
Yuvraj .