DNA

MUTATIONS
CONTENTS:

• DNA
• DNA MUTATION
• TYPES
DNA: (deoxyribo nucleic
acid)
DNA is a DOUBLE HELICAL
structure consist of
DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR and
FOUR NITROGEN BASES.
Four bases :
• Adenine
• Guanine
• Thiamine
• cytosine
DNA MUTATIONS:

• Mutation is a permanent change in the

DNA.

• A change in the nucleotide base sequence

of the DNA or a change in the structure or
number of chromosomes.
• Mutations are not frequent and rare.
TYPES OF MUTATIONS:
• POINT MUTATION:

1. Sustitution.
2. Deletion. Frameshift mutation
3. Insertion.

• Chromosomal mutation:
POINT MUTATIONS:

Point mutations are the single-

based mutations. ( a change in
one nucleotide of the sequence)
Substitution:

•A mutation in which one or a few

bases are replaced with another.

Normal DNA: CGA – TGC – ATC

Mutated DNA: CGA – TGC – TTC

FRAMESHIFT MUTATIONS:
• Occur when one base is added or
removed changing the gene’s
reading frame.
Deletion:
•A mutation in which one or a few
bases are deleted or removed from
the sequence.

Normal DNA: CGA – TGC – ATC

Mutated DNA: CGA – TCA – TC

Insertions:
• A mutation in which one or a few
bases are inserted or added to the
sequence.

Normal DNA: CGA – TGC – ATC

Mutated DNA: CGA – TAG – CAT –

C
ACTIVITY:
Research what are chromosomal mutations? Give
examples of them and describe the effects of one of
them in the human body.
Classwork:
1 . Identify the mutations in the following sequences.
a)Normal DNA: AGC – CGT – CTA
Mutated DNA: AGC – CGC – TAT

b) Normal DNA: TAC – CGT – CTA

Mutated DNA: TAA – CCG – TCT

c) Normal DNA: GAC – TGT – ATA

Mutated DNA: GAC – TGT – ATT
 Classwork:
2.Use the following sentence to make an example of substitution,
deletion and insertion.
Normal DNA: THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
3.How frequent are mutations?
4. Why are mutations infrequent?
5. Write examples of factors that can damage DNA
6. Explain the relation between DNA replication and the
development of cancer.
7.Taking into account the video we watched give examples of
mutants and draw at least two.
two
8. Create your own X men: Think about a mutant with
characteristics that your think would be possible and would make it
superior. Make a drawing of your mutant and describe its
characteristics.