ITT400

Introduction to Data Communication and

Networking

Chapter 1-part 2
The OSI Model

Mazlan Osman, FSKM, UiTM (Terengganu) 2014

INTRODUCTION

• A network uses a combination of hardware and

software to send data from one location to another.
• The task of sending data from one point in the world
to another can be broken into several tasks, performed
by separate software (layers of software).
• At the end, data is sent from the source to the
destination.

2.2
 2-1 LAYERED TASKS

• We use the concept of layers in our daily life.

• As an example, let us consider two friends who
communicate through postal mail.
• The process of sending a letter to a friend would be
complex if there were no services available from the
post office.

2.3
 Figure 2.1 Tasks involved in sending a letter

2.4
 SENDER, RECEIVER, AND CARRIER
At the Sender Site
• Higher layer
The sender writes the letter, inserts the letter in the envelope,
writes the sender and receiver addresses, and drops the letter in
a mailbox.
• Middle layer
The letter is picked up by a letter carrier and delivered to the
post office.
• Lower layer
The letter is sorted at the post office; a carrier transports the
letter.

2.5
 SENDER, RECEIVER, AND CARRIER
On The Way (Carrier)
• On the way to the recipient’s local post office, the letter may
actually go through a central office.
• The letter is carried out by any kind of transport.

At the Receiver Site

• Lower layer
The carrier transports the letter to the post office.
• Middle layer
The letter is sorted and delivered to the recipient’s mailbox.
• Higher layer
The receiver picks up the letter, opens the envelope, and reads
it.

2.6
 2-2 THE OSI MODEL
• Established in 1947, the International Standards
Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated
to worldwide agreement on international standards.
• An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
• An open system is a set of protocols that allows any
two different systems to communicate regardless of
their underlying architecture.
• Purpose : to show how to facilitate communication
between different systems without requiring changes
to the logic of the underlying hardware and software.

2.7
 LAYERED ARCHITECTURE

Figure 2.2 Seven layers of the OSI model

2.8
 LAYERED ARCHITECTURE

Figure 2.3 The interaction between layers in the OSI model

2.9
 Organization of the Layers
• The seven layers can be divide to three subgroups :
1. Network support layers
– Layer 1 (physical), 2 (data link), and 3 (network)
– Deal with the physical aspects of moving data from one device
to another
2. User support layers
– Layer 5 (session), 6 (presentation), and 7 (application)
– Allow interoperability among unrelated software system.
3. Transport
– Layer 4 (transport)
– Link the two subgroups and ensures that what the lower layers
have transmitted is in a form that the upper layers can use .

2.10
 Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model

2.11
 2-3 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL

2.12
 Note

The physical layer is responsible for movements of

individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

2.13
 PHYSICAL LAYER

• Other responsibilities:
– Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium
– Representation of bits
– Data rate
– Synchronization of bits
– Line configuration
– Physical topology
– Transmission mode

2.14
 Figure 2.5 Physical layer

2.15
 Note

The data link layer is responsible for moving

frames from one hop (node) to the next hop (node).

2.16
 DATA LINK LAYER

• Other responsibilities :
– Framing
– Physical addressing
– Flow control
– Error control
– Access control

2.17
 Figure 2.6 Data link layer

2.18
 Hop-to-hop Delivery

Figure 2.7 Hop-to-hop delivery

2.19
 Note

The network layer is responsible for the

delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.

2.20
 NETWORK LAYER

• Other responsibilities :
– Logical addressing
– Routing

2.21
 Figure 2.8 Network layer

2.22
 Source-to-destination Delivery

Figure 2.9 Source-to-destination delivery

2.23
 Note

The transport layer is responsible for the delivery

of a message from one process to another process.

2.24
 TRANSPORT LAYER

• Other responsibilities :
– Service-point addressing
– Segmentation and reassembly
– Connection control
– Flow control
– Error control

2.25
 Figure 2.10 Transport layer

2.26
 Process-to-process Delivery

Figure 2.11 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

2.27
 Note

The session layer is responsible for dialog

control and synchronization.

2.28
 SESSION LAYER
– Dialog control
Allows two system to enter into dialog.
Allows the communication between two processes to
take place in either half-duplex or full-duplex mode.

– Synchronization
Allows a process to add checkpoints, or
synchronization points, to a stream of data.

2.29
 Figure 2.12 Session layer

2.30
 Note

The presentation layer is responsible for translation,

compression, and encryption.

2.31
 PRESENTATION LAYER
– Translation
Responsible for interoperability between the different
encoding methods.

– Encryption
Sender transforms original info to another form and
sends the resulting message out over the network.

– Compression
Reduces the number of bits contained in the
information

2.32
 Figure 2.13 Presentation layer

2.33
 Note

The application layer is responsible for

providing services to the user.

2.34
 APPLICATION LAYER
• Specific service provided :
– Network virtual terminal
Creates a software emulation of a terminal at the
remote host, and vice versa.
– File transfer, access, and management
Allows user to access files in remote host, to retrieve
files from a comp for use in local comp, and to
manage or control files in a remote computer locally.
– Mail service
– Directory services

2.35
 Figure 2.14 Application layer

2.36
 Summary of Layers

Figure 2.15 Summary of layers

2.37
 2-4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

• The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly

match those in the OSI model.
• Compared to OSI, TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five
layers: physical, data link, network, transport , and
application.
• Layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite contain relatively
independent protocols that can be mixed and matched
depending on the needs of the system.

2.38
 Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model
2.39
 2-5 ADDRESSING
• Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing
the TCP/IP protocols:
1. Physical (link) addresses
2. Logical (IP) addresses
3. Port addresses
4. Specific addresses

Figure 2.17 Addresses in TCP/IP

2.40
 Figure 2.18 Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP
2.41
 PHYSICAL ADDRESSES
• Address of a node as defined by its LAN or WAN
• Included in frame used by data link layer.
• Most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address
written as 12 hexadecimal digits.

• Example:

Figure 2.19 Physical addresses

2.42
 Note

The physical addresses will change from hop to hop,

but the logical addresses usually remain the same.

2.43
 LOGICAL ADDRESSES
• Address for universal communication that are
independent of underlying physical networks.
• A universal addressing system is needed in which each
host can be identified uniquely, regardless of the
underlying physical network.

2.44
 Example

Figure 2.20 IP addresses

2.45
 PORT ADDRESSES

• In the TCP/IP architecture, the label assigned to a

process is called a port address.
• Port address in TCP/IP is 16 bits in length.

2.46
 Figure 2.21 Port addresses
2.47
 Note

The physical addresses change from hop to hop,

but the logical and port addresses usually remain the same.

2.48
 SPECIFIC ADDRESSES
• Some applications have user-friendly addresses that
are designed for that specific address.

• Examples :
i. E-mail address
ii.Universal Resource Locator (URL)

• These addresses, however, get changed to the

corresponding port and logical addresses by the
sending computer.

2.49
 ITT400
Introduction to Data Communication and
Networking

Q&A

Mazlan Osman, FSKM, UiTM (Terengganu) 2014