Chapter 1

US Civics and Government

Consul တရသူ ကြီချုပ်

 Each of the two annual elected chief magistrates who ruled the republic
 highest elected political office of Roman Republic
 The consuls were elected each year to run the city and lead the army.
 There were two consuls so that no one person would be too powerful.
 Below the consuls were other magistrates.
Federal Government

3 branches of federal government မဏ္ဍိုင် ၃ ရပ် Constitution

ဖွဲ့စည်ပုံအအခြေခံ
ခြေ
ခံ ဥပဒေ
ဥပဒေ

ဥပဒေပြုရေး Legislative
President သမ္မတ

အု ပ်ချုပ်ရေး Executive
Federal courts
ဖက်ဒရယ် တရရုံ
တရားစီရင်ရေး Judicial
 Senate

 In the early ages of Rome, Senate advised on matters pertaining to rules governing the city and population.
 Roman Senate was a council of wealthy and powerful Romans that advised the city’s leaders.
 The senate also controlled the spending of the state money, making it very powerful.
 Later, during the Roman Empire, the senate had less power and the real power was held by the emperor.
Senators were required to be of high moral character.
 They needed to be wealthy because they were not paid for their jobs.
 They were expected to spend their wealth on helping the Roman state.
 The senators of Rome were not elected, they were appointed.
 Through much of the Roman Republic, an elected official called the censor appointed new senators. Later, the
emperor controlled who could become senator.
 Senate controlled all areas of public life and had broad jurisdiction (တရစီရင်ပို င်ခွင့်) over religious and judicial
matters such as tax, war and peace, criminal, military, foreign policy, and administrative matters.
Tribune

 Someone in government of Ancient Rome who look out for ordinary people (elected
representative)
 Leader or protector (champion of people’s rights)
 Act as a check on the authority of the senate and annual magistrates
 An official in ancient Rome chosen by plebeians to protect their interests
 officers elected to protect the interests and rights of the plebeians from the patricians.
Praetor

 a judicial officer who had broad authority in cases of equity, was responsible for
the production of the public games, and, in the absence of consuls, exercised
extensive authority in the government.
 A government authority who served under a consul

 Was elected magistrate who held legal power

 Command military forces and acts as judge

Censor

 The censor was a magistrate in ancient Rome who was responsible for maintaining the
census, supervising public morality, and overseeing certain aspects of the government's
finances

 Two magistrates who held censuses and supervised public morals.

 censors were chosen exclusively from among Roman citizens of patrician birth

 to exert control over the populace and prevent free expression that might foment rebellion
(ပု န်ကန်မှုကို လှုံ့ဆေသည်).

 The reason for having two censors was that the two consuls had previously taken the
census together.
Assembly

Tribal Assembly
A non military civilian assembly

Century Assembly
military assembly - Roman citizens into groups of one hundred men by classes -