DACTYLOSCOPY

DACTYLOSCOPY
-is the science of fingerprint. It
derive from the words “dactylos”
which means fingers, and
“skopien” which means to
examine.
 Ridge characteristics
1. Bifurcation
-one single ridge that split into two or
more branches or the forking or the
splitting of one ridge into two
branches.
Trifurcation
2. Ridge Enclosure
-a ridge formed by a bifurcation but
which does not remain open, after
running along side by side for a short
distance, the splitting ridge met again
to form a single ridge.
3. Ridge Ending
-a point where ridge terminates or
ends.
4. Ridge Bridge
-a ridge that connects one ridge to the
other, it is sometimes called, “railway
tie”.
5. Diverging Ridge
-is the splitting apart of two ridges
after running parallel.

6. Converging Ridge
-the meeting of two ridges after
running parallel.
7. Ridge Hook or Spur
-is a bifurcation in which one branch
is remarkably short, ending near the
original split or fork.

8. Dot
-a very short island of basically equal
length and width.
9. Appendage
-a short ridge at the top or summit of
a recurve usually at the right angle.
10. Short Ridge
-ridges which are remarkably short
than the other.
11. Fragmentary Ridge
-group or series of short ridges less
than 3mm in length.
Rules in the selection of
delta and core
TYPE LINES and PATTERN AREA
Type Lines are the two innermost
ridges that starts parallel, diverge,
surround or tend to surround the pattern
area.
Pattern Area is the area surrounded
by the type lines, where the core, delta and
ridges are located.
RULES IN THE SELECTION OF
THE DELTA
Rule 1
The delta may not be located at the
bifurcation which does not open
towards the core.
Rule 2
When there is a choice between a
bifurcation and another type of
delta, the bifurcation is selected.
Rule 3
If there are a series of bifurcation
opening towards the core, equally
close to the point of divergence of
the type lines, the delta nearest to
the core shall be selected.
Rule 4
When there are two or more possible
deltas which conform to the
definition, the one nearest the core
is chosen.
Rule 5
The delta may not be located in the
middle of a ridge running between
the type lines towards the core, but
at the nearer end only.
The CORE
-as the name implies, it is the
approximate center of the pattern.
RULES IN THE SELECTION OF
CORE OF A LOOP TYPE
PATTERN
Rule 1
The core is placed upon or within
the innermost sufficient recurve.
Rule 2
When the innermost sufficient
recurve contains no ending ridge or
rod rising as high as the shoulders
of the loop, the core is placed on the
shoulder of the loop farther from
the delta.
Rule 3
When the innermost sufficient
recurve contains an uneven number
of rods rising as high as the
shoulders, the core is placed upon
the end of the center rod whether it
touches the looping ridge or not.
Rule 4
When the innermost sufficient recurve
contains an even number of rods rising
as high as the shoulders, the core is
placed upon the end of the farther one
of the two center rods, the two center
rods being treated as though they were
connected by a recurving ridge.