Optimal Drug Dosage Control

Strategy of Immune Systems Using

Reinforcement Learning
 Abstract
• In this article, a reinforcement learning-based drug dosage control strategy is developed for
immune systems with input constraints and dynamic uncertainties to sustain the number of tumor
and immune cells in an acceptable level. First of all, the state of the immune system and the
desired number of tumor and immune cells are constructed into an augmented state to derive an
augmented immune system.

• By designing a discounted non-quadratic performance index function, the robust tracking control
problem of immune systems with uncertainties is transformed into an optimal tracking control
problem of nominal immune systems and the drug dosage can be limited within the specified
range. Hereafter, a reinforcement learning algorithm and a critic-only structure are adopted to
acquire the approximate optimal drug dosage control strategy.
 Existing System
• Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide in recent decades, accounting for nearly 10 million
deaths in 2020. Its morbidity expects up to 29 million cases by 2040. Cancer development is a
multistep process. The risk factors of tumorigenesis are highly diverse, including genetic
alterations, poor diet, physical inactivity, chronic infections.

• Normal cells grow out of control when harmful changes interfere with orderly cellular biological
process, forming precancerous lesions. Further, precancerous lesions develop into tumors. Cancer
is characterized as malignant tumor.

• Traditional treatments of cancer mainly include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy. Treatment

options depends on the type and stage of cancer and the individual status of patients. Most types of
cancer are separated by tumor-node-metastasis classification system including stage I to stage IV.
 Existing Algorithm
 Model Dynamics: Develop a model describing how the immune system responds to different
drug dosages over time. This model is crucial for the reinforcement learning algorithm.

 Reinforcement Learning Algorithm: Choose an appropriate RL algorithm (e.g., Q-learning,

Deep Q Networks) to learn optimal drug dosage policies.

• Safety Measures: Implement safety constraints to prevent the algorithm from suggesting dosages
that may cause harm.
 Drawbacks In Existing System
 High computational complexity: Reinforcement learning algorithms often require a large
number of iterations and computations to converge to an optimal solution. This can be
computationally intensive and time-consuming, especially when dealing with complex immune
system models.

 Lack of interpretability: Reinforcement learning algorithms often learn optimal strategies by

exploring and exploiting different actions. Consequently, the resulting control policy may be
difficult to interpret and explain, making it challenging to understand the reasoning behind
certain dosage decisions.
 Proposed System
 Proposed a novel VI algorithm to speed up the convergence rate of the iterative value function
and ensure the admissibility of the iterative control law.

 Proposed event-triggered integral RL scheme to cope with the constrained H∞ tracking control
problem.

 Proposed RL-based methods to acquire Nash equilibrium solutions of zero-sum games nonzero
sum games, and Stackerberg games .

• The proposed RL-based drug dosage control strategy is available, that is, tumor cells and immune
cells can be maintained at desired levels by using limited drug dosages.
 Advantages
 Adaptability: Reinforcement learning enables dynamic adaptation to changes in the patient's
immune response, allowing for personalized and responsive dosage adjustments.

 Potential for Complex Regimens: RL algorithms can handle complex drug regimens involving
multiple agents or dosages, optimizing combinations for enhanced therapeutic effects.

 Real-time Decision Making:The algorithm can provide real-time recommendations, facilitating

timely adjustments in response to changing patient conditions.

• Resource Optimization: Efficient drug dosing can lead to better resource allocation in healthcare
settings by minimizing unnecessary treatments and hospital visits.
 MODULES
• Immune System Model

• Drug Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) Model

• State Representation

• Reinforcement Learning Algorithm

• Exploration-Exploitation Strategy
 Software Specification
• Software Specification

 Processor : I3 core processor

 Ram : 4 GB

 Hard disk : 500 GB

• Software Specification

 Operating System : Windows 10 /11

 Frond End : Python

 Back End : Mysql Server

• IDE Tools : Pycharm
Thank You