FORMATION OF THE

BILAMINAR EMBRIYONIC
DISC

Prof. Serap ARBAK, Ph. D.

A Brief Summary About
Implantation

 Decidual reaction – Progesterone induced

endometrial cell conversion to secretory
decidual
SUMMARY OF
IMPLANTATİON

Days 6 –12
Adhesion of blastocyst to
endometrium

Trophoblastic
proliferation

Syncytiotrophoblast

Secretion of hydrolytic
enzymes

Breakdown of
endometrium
6 days 7 days 8 days

Extraembryonic Tissues
8 days 9 days 14 days

Extraembryonic Tissues
SUMMARY

 Day 0 Fertilization in Ampulla of uterine tube

 Day 1 Zygotic transcription begins
 Day 1-3 Cleavage – Morula – Compaction
 Day 3-4 Transport to uterine cavity
Relaxation of the uterotubal junction
 Day 5 Maturation of blastocyst & Hatching
 Day 6-7 Attachment / penetration of uterine
stroma
 Day 7-9 Invasion of uterine stroma
 Day 9-11 Lacuna formation, erosion of spiral
arteries
During the second week……

Inner cell mass gives the :

EPIBLAST
 BILAMINAR EMBRYONIC DISC

HYPOBLAST
BILAMINAR EMBRIYONIC DISC

-ECTODERM
-MESODERM
-ENDODERM
• Also….
Amniotic cavity
Amnion
Yolk Sac
Connecting stalk
Chorion

are formed during the second week

9th Days

 Amniotic cavity is expending

 Epiblastic layer

Amnioblasts lining of
amniotic cavity

 Hypoblastic proliferation

 Formation of Heuser”s
membrane

 Total expansion of lacunae

Days 10-11

an acellular
extraembriyonic reticulum
forms between the
Heuser’s membrane and
cytotrophoblast.
• Days 11 and 12

the extraembryonic reticulum is

rapidly invaded by
extraembryonic mesoderm.

• By day 12

the extraembryonic mesoderm

becomes organized to form a
layer coating the outside of
Heuser’s membrane and a layer
lining the inside of the
cytotrophoblast.
On day 12
a second wave of proliferation
in the hypoblast

New membrane migrates out

over the inside of the
extraembryonic mesoderm

Pushing the primary yolk sac

in front of it

This new layer becomes the

endodermal lining of the
definitive (secondary) yolk
sac.
Definitive yolk sac develops on day 13

• The primary yolk sac breaks up

Reduced to a collection of vesicles in a cyst-like manner

By the end of
the second
week:
• the definitive yolk
sac loses contact
with the remnants of
the primary yolk sac
(exocoelomic cysts)

• bilaminar germ disc

is suspended in the
chorionic cavity by a
thick connecting
stalk.
 FORMATION OF THE
CHORIONIC VILLI

.A, By day 11 to 13

cytotrophoblastic proliferations that bud into the

overlying cytiotrophoblast.

PRIMARY STEM VILLI

B, By day 16

the extraembryonic mesoderm begins to proliferate

invade the center of each primary stem villus,

SECONDARY STEM VILLI.

C, By day 21,
the mesodermal core differentiates into connective
tissue and blood vessels

TERTIARY STEM VILLI.

 GASTRULATION

 3rd Week is
characterized by the
formation of PRIMITIVE
STREAK and three
germ layers
 GASTRULATION
 GASTRULATION is Most important event during the 3rd week
a process by which
the inner cell mass
is converted into a
trilaminar
embryonic disc

• Formation of
PRIMITIVE STREAK
and NOTOCHORD
are important
processes of
gastrulation
 GASTRULATION
 PRIMITIVE STREAK

 a thickened band
appearing on the
epiblast
 results by the
proliferation and
accumulation of
epiblastic cells on the
posterior part of
embryonic disc.
 cranial end
proliferates to form
PRIMITIVE NODE
 GASTRULATION
• a narrow PRIMITIVE GROOVE
appears in the primitive streak

• a depression’’
PRIMITIVE PIT’’ occurs at
the primitive node

Following the primitive streak

formation, cells leave its deep
surface and form a loose network
of tissue called ‘’MESENCHYME’’ or
EMBRYONIC CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
NOTOCHORD
a cellular rod that develops from
the notochordal process

• a structure around which the

vertebral column forms.

• mesoderm extends
cranially from primitive
node to form
NOTOCHORDAL
PROCESS
• then it has a lumen

NOTOCHORDAL
CANAL
This tubular structure grows in
lenght as primitive node cells are
added to its proximal end
 GASTRULATION
 Notochordal process

 a midline cellular cord

formed by the migration of
mesenchymal cells cranially
from the primitive node

• grows cranially
between ectoderm and
endoderm toward
PROCHORDAL
PLATE

• (Future oropharyngeal
membrane where
ectoderm is tightly
attached to ther
endoderm)
• Caudal to the
primitive streak,
CLOACAL
MEMBRANE
exists as the
future site of
the anus

• No migration of
mesenchyme
here

BECAUSE OF
ECTODERM
BINDS TO
ENDODERM
TIGHTLY
 By the middle of third
week:

 INTRAEMBRYONIC
MESODERM separates
the ectoderm and
endoderm except at

 Cloacal membrane and

oropharyngeal membrane
 Primitive Streak function slows down at the end of 4th
week

 undergoes degenerations

 Some remnants may persist

TERATOMA
 On day 20

Complete formation of
notochordal canal

Converted to a flattened plate

Then to a solid cord

Its ventral floor fuse with

underlying endoderm

Notochordal plate
 Notochordal plate
completely detaches from
endoderm

 Free solid cord as

NOTOCHORD

 It persists in adult as
NUCLEUS PULPOSUS in
each vertebral disc
 NOTOCHORD
 The developing notocord
induces the developing
ectoderm to form NEURAL
PLATE

 Primordial structure of Nervous

System

.
 GASTRULATION

At the end of gastrulation

 Ectoderm

EPIBLAST
 Mesoderm
 Endoderm

HYPOBLAST
INTRAEMBRYONIC MESODERM
 PARAXIAL MESODERM
 INTERMEDIATE
MESODERM
 LATERAL MESODERM

Splanchnopleura

Somatopleura
SOMITES AS MESODERMAL
DERIVATIVES
They Are Tissue
Blocks Derived
From Paraxıal
Mesoderm

 SCLEROTOME
 MYOTOME
 DERMATOME
SOMITES

 DERMATOME

dermis

 SCLEROTOME

cartilage, bone

 MYOTOME
 muscles
SOMITES
 SOMITES
 Somites are used as one of the criteria to
determine embryo’s age

 38 pairs of somites form during SOMITE

PERIOD (between 20 to 30 days)

 42 to 44 pairs of somites
 NEURULATION
It is a process of formation of the
neural plate, the neural folds and their
closure to form the neural tube

The ectoderm of neural plate

called NEUROECTODERM gives
rise to BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.

Notochord induces the overlying

ectoderm to form NEURAL PLATE

In 18th day, neural plate invaginates to

form NEURAL GROOVE

NEURAL FOLDS appear on each side

of neural groove
 NEURULATION
 By the end of 3rd week,
neural folds fuse and form
NEURAL TUBE

 NEURAL TUBE separates

from the surface ectoderm.

 During this separation, some

neuroectodermal cells around
each neural fold loose their
epithelial affinities
 form irregular masses on the
ventrolateral side of neural NEURAL CREST CELLS
tube
 NEURULATION

NEURAL CREST
CELLS
 Ganlionic cells
 Schwann cells
 Melanocytes
 Adrenal medulla

 Skeletal and muscular

components of the head
 REFERENCES
 GARTNER –COLOR OF TEXTBOOK OF HISTOLOGY
 ROSS –HISTOLOGY: ATEXT AND ATLAS
 DI FIORE-ATLAS OF HISTOLOGY
 STEVENS-HISTOLOGY
 MOORE- DEVEL0PING HUMAN CLINICALLY ORIENTED EMBRYOLOGY
 Larsen's Human Embryology, (Schoenwolf,Larsen's Human
Embryology) 5th Edition by Gary C. Schoenwolf PhD Steven B. Bleyl MD
PhD Philip R. Brauer PhD Philippa H. Francis-West PhD

 Before We Are Born: Essentials of Embryology and Birth Defects, 8

Edition by Keith L. Moore T. V. N. Persaud Mark G. Torchia