CSC 1201 Systems

Analysis and
Design
• By Samuel Lubowa
• slubowa@umu.ac.ug
• +256772084723

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 • System analysis and design

Systems deal with planning

development of information
the

systems through understanding

Analysis and specifying in detail what a
system should do and how the
and Design components of the system
should be implemented and
work together.

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Introduction
• In business, System Analysis and Design refers to the
process of examining a business situation with the intent of
improving it through better procedures and methods.
System analysis and design relates to shaping organizations,
improving performance and achieving objectives for
profitability and growth.
• The emphasis is on systems in action, the relationships
among subsystems and their contribution to meeting a
common goal. Lesson No: 1 Lesson Name : Overview of
System Analysis & Design Author : Dr. Jawahar Vetter: Prof.
Dharminder Kumar Looking at a system and determining
how adequately it functions, the changes to be made and
the quality of the output are parts of system analysis.
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 Introduction Cont..
• Organizations are complex systems that
consist of interrelated and interlocking
subsystems. Changes in one part of the
system have both anticipated and
unanticipated consequences in other parts
of the system. The systems approval is a
way of thinking about the analysis and
design of computer based applications. It
provides a framework for visualizing the
organizational and environmental factors
that operate on a system. When a
computer is introduced into an
organization, various functions’ and
dysfunction’s operate on the user as well as
on the organization.

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Over View of System Analysis and Design
• Systems development can generally be thought of as having two major components:
Systems analysis and Systems design. System design is the process of planning a new
business system or one to replace or complement an existing system. But before this
planning can be done, we must thoroughly understand the old system and determine
how computers can best be used to make its operation more effective. System analysis,
then, is the process of gathering and interpreting facts, diagnosing problems, and using
the information to recommend improvements to the system. This is the job of the
systems analyst.

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Roles of a Systems Analyst
• Research and add these roles inn your free time ….

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A System
• The term system is derived form the Greek word systema, which means an organized
relationship among functioning units or components. A system exists because it is
designed to achieve one or more objectives. We come into daily contact with the
transportation system, the telephone system, the accounting system, the production
system, and, for over two decades, the computer system. Similarly, we talk of the
business system and of the organization as a system consisting of interrelated
departments (subsystems) such as production, sales, personnel, and an information
system. None of these subsystems is of much use as a single, independent unit. When
they are properly coordinated, however, the firm can function effectively and profitably.

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The study of A system must be designed to
systems achieve a predetermined objective.

concepts, Interrelationships and

then, has interdependence must exist among
the components.
three basic
implications The objectives of the organization as
a whole have a higher priority than
: the objectives of its subsystems.

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Characteristics of a System
• Organization implies structure and order.
• Interaction refers to the manner in which each component functions with other components
of the system.
• Interdependence means that parts of the organization or computer system depend on one
another. They are coordinated and linked together according to a plan
An integrated information system is designed to serve the needs of authorized users
(department heads, managers, etc.) for quick access and retrieval via remote terminals.
In summary, no subsystem can function in isolation because it is dependent on the data (inputs)
it receives from other subsystems to perform its required tasks.
• Integration refers to the holism of systems. Synthesis follows analysis to achieve the central
objective of the organization. Integration is concerned with how a system is tied together
• Objectives may be real or stated. Although a stated objective may be the real objective, it is
not uncommon for an organization to state one objective and operate to achieve another.
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 OUTPUTS AND PROCESSOR(S). CONTROL.

Elements INPUTS.

of a system
FEEDBACK. ENVIRONMENT. BOUNDARIES
AND INTERFACE.

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Systems • The system analyst gives a system
development project meaning &

Analysi direction. A candidate system is

approached after the analyst has a
through understanding of user
s needs & problems

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Analysis: What?
• Analysis is a detailed study of the various
operations performed by a system and their
relationships within and outside of the system. A
key question is, what must be done to solve the
problem? One aspect of analysis is defining the
boundaries of the system and determining
whether or not a candidate system should
consider other related systems. During analysis,
data are collected on the available files, decision
points, and transactions handled by the present
system
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 Design: How?
• The most creative and challenging
phase of the system life cycle is system
design. The term design describes a
final system and the process by which
it is developed. It refers to the
technical specifications (analogous to
the engineer’s blueprints) that will be
applied in implementing the candidate
system. It also includes the
construction of programs and program
testing. The key questions here is: How
should the problem be solved?

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Implementation
• The implementation phase is less
creative than system design. It is
primarily concerned with user
training site preparation, and file
conversion. When the candidate
system is linked to terminals or
remote sites, the telecommunication
network and tests of the network
along with the system are also
included under implementation

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 • System testing checks the
readiness and accuracy of the
system to access, update and

Testing retrieve data from new files. Once

the programs become available,
test data are read into the
computer and processed against
the file(s) provided for testing.

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Implementation & Maintenance

• After the installation phase is completed and the user staff is adjusted to the
changes created by the candidate system, evaluation and maintenance begin. Like
any system there is an aging process that requires periodic maintenance of hardware
and software. If the new information is inconsistent with the design specifications,
then changes have to be made. Hardware also requires periodic maintenance to
keep in tune with design specifications. The importance of maintenance is to
continue to bring the new system to standards

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Project Termination
• A system project may be dropped at any time prior to
implementation although it becomes more difficult (and
costly) when it goes past the design phase. Generally, projects
are dropped if, after a review process, it is learned that:
• Changing objectives or requirements of the user cannot be
met by the existing design.
• Benefits realized from the candidate system do not justify
commitment to implementation.
• There is a sudden change in the user’s budget or an increase
in design costs beyond the estimate made during the
feasibility study.
• The project greatly exceeds the time and cost schedule

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 • User requirements were not clearly defined or understood.

There are • The user was not directly involved in the crucial phases of system
development.

many reasons
• The analyst, programmer, or both were inexperienced.
• The systems analyst (or the project team) had to do the work
under stringent time constraints. Consequently not enough

a new system •
thought went into the feasibility study and system design.
User training was poor.

does not meet • Existing hardware proved deficient to handle the new
application.

user •

•
The new system left users in other departments out of touch with
information that the old system had provided.
The new system was not user-friendly.
requirements • Users changed their requirements.
• The user staff was hostile.

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