Week 2: Present and past participles;

CHIN275
Translation theories
0
PRE-CLASS MATERIALS
Pre-class folder
Self-study module – Articulate Rise
Pre-recorded videos
Exercises
Pre-class E-task

Do I have to do all of these before class? No – only e-

Will I still pass the mid-semester exam if I don’ttask
do everything? Maybe not
How much preparation do I have to do for the mid-semester exam? approx. 40
hrs
 技巧

准确理解原文
Weeks 1-3
弄清句子结构关系

选择合适词语（注意词的搭配 / 正式与非正式）

翻译成通顺的目的语 （不可改变原意）
 Warm-up: Example Mid-sem Exam Questions

Key distinctions: Verbs vs. participles

TODAY’S Translation strategy: Splitting long sentences

LECTURE
Analysis: Homework challenges from W2

Group discussion: Translation agencies

WARM-UP
Examples of mid-sem exam questions:
•Key differences between English and Chinese
(see Articulate Rise 1D; Exercise 1D)
•Basic terms and concepts in translation
(see Articulate Rise 1C; Exercise 1C)
•Relative pronoun reference
(see Articulate Rise 1E; Exercise 1E)
•Pronoun reference
(see Articulate Rise 1E; Exercise 1E)
CHINESE VS. ENGLISH
GRAMMAR – MAQ
Which THREE of the following statements comparing English and Chinese
grammar are correct?
a. When translating from English into Chinese, it may not be necessary for cohesion
to use as many connectives.
b. Compared with English, Chinese tends to string several short clauses together,
rather than creating one long complex sentence.
c. English uses impersonal structures more often than Chinese.
d. Chinese spatial ordering of clauses prefers to mention that which is close before
mentioning that which is far away.
BASIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS
– MAQ
Select TWO examples of intersemiotic translation:
a. Translating a Neemrana Hotel brochure from English into Hindi
b. Writing a one-page summary of a Venn diagram for a maths assignment.
c. Taking a Mafia movie in Sicilian Italian and dubbing it in standard Italian.
d. Looking at a map and giving someone verbal directions.
e. Rendering patents into several different languages for the European Patents Office.
f. Translating a Tang Dynasty poem into modern Chinese.
RELATIVE PRONOUN
REFERENCE – SHORT ANSWER
But if you want to create a relationship with the reader, you need a human translator
to make it sound natural and capture the sentiment, which often involves
restructuring a sentence completely.
Find the sentence element that 'which' refers to in the sentence above. Justify your
choice.
PRONOUN REFERENCE – MCQ
A transgender person often experiences clashes with their parents during adolescence
even if they try hard to conform to parental expectations in other ways.
Find the correct reference for ‘their’ and ‘they’ in the previous sentence:
a. their = a transgender person; they = a transgender person
b. their = a transgender person; they = parents
c. their = parents; they = parents
d. their = parents; they = a transgender person
PRONOUN REFERENCE – MCQ
A transgender person often experiences clashes with parents during adolescence
even if they try hard to be supportive of their child.
Find the correct reference for ‘they’ and ‘their’ in the previous sentence:
a. they = a transgender person; their = a transgender person
b. they = a transgender person; their = parents
c. they = parents; their = parents
d. they = parents; their = a transgender person
KEY
DISTINCTIONS
Verbs vs. Participles:
•Find the verbs
(see Articulate Rise W1 Post-class)
•Distinguish between verbs and participles
•Problems with translating participles
 SIMPLE VS. COMPLEX
SENTENCES
a) The ship has more than 500 cases of coronavirus on board, making it the most
significant site of infections of any location outside China.

b) With more than 500 cases of coronavirus on board the vessel, the ship has the
largest number of infections of any location outside China.
 SIMPLE VS. COMPLEX
SENTENCES

a) According to Australia’s Chief Medical Officer, Brendan Murphy, dozens of

families will have to spend 14 days in quarantine in a Darwin mining camp.

b) Australia’s Chief Medical Officer, Brendan Murphy, convinced dozens of

families they would have to spend 14 days in quarantine in a Darwin mining
camp.
 SIMPLE VS. COMPLEX
SENTENCES

a) The predominant design principles of permaculture directly utilize the

patterns and resilient features inherent in natural ecosystems.

b) Permaculture is a set of design principles that directly utilizes the patterns

and resilient features observed in natural ecosystems.
DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS OF V-
ING
FIND ALL THE VERBS
Refer to W2 Handout 1
Premier Palaszczuk revealed a new coronavirus website would be released
today providing far more detail about coronavirus cases featuring data
broken down by local government area, heatmaps, information about
quarantine in the different regions and active cases, recovered cases and
community transmission details.

Find FIVE verbs in this sentence.

Find ONE word that looks like a participle (verb) but has a different
function. Explain why it does not function as a verb in this sentence.
FIND ALL THE VERBS
While a longer term impact may result because ground operations are
seen as essential for aircraft safety, baggage handling and
security, the move by Swissport to indefinitely suspend operations
could cripple the ability of some airlines to resume operations
once COVID-19 restrictions are eased.

Find SIX verbs in this sentence.

Find ONE word that looks like a participle (verb) but has a different
function. Explain why it does not function as a verb in this sentence.
FIND ALL THE VERBS
In the wake of Virgin Australia’s anticipated collapse on Tuesday,
international ground services and cargo handling giant Swissport,
which operates at 32 airports in Australia and New Zealand and is a
partner of all major domestic airlines and a number of international
carriers in the region, is poised to significantly cut back operations.

Find FOUR verbs in this sentence.

Find TWO words that look like participles (verbs) but have non-verbal
functions. Explain why they do not function as verbs in this sentence.
FIND ALL THE VERBS
As reported in The Australian, Swissport has warned that 2000 of its
skilled workers, many highly trained and capable of implementing
security protocols, will likely be made redundant within two weeks.

Find FOUR verbs in this sentence.

Find TWO words that look like participles (verbs) but have non-verbal
functions. Explain why they do not function as verbs in this sentence.
FIND ALL THE VERBS
The company has also indicated it could sell down some of its assets
such as loading equipment and container loaders, with such moves
potentially delaying a restart of Australia’s aviation industry once the
threat of COVID-19 passes and having an adverse impact upon the
speed of the economic recovery.

Find FIVE verbs in this sentence.

Find ONE word that looks like a participle (verb) but has a different
function. Explain why it does not function as a verb in this sentence.
FIND ALL THE VERBS
As well as causing human suffering and hurt, the COVID-19
pandemic has been catastrophic for communities all over the world,
leading to extreme business and financial disruption within industries
that are as varied as travel, mining and banking.

Find FOUR verbs in this sentence.

Find THREE words that look like participles (verbs) but have non-
verbal functions. Explain why they do not function as verbs in this
sentence.
PROBLEMS TRANSLATING
VERBS / PARTICIPLES
In the wake of Virgin Australia’s anticipated collapse on Tuesday,
international ground services and cargo handling giant Swissport, which
operates at 32 airports in Australia and New Zealand and is a partner of all
major domestic airlines and a number of international carriers in the
region, is poised to significantly cut back operations.

Youdao: 维珍澳大利亚航空周二预计会倒闭，国际地面服务和货物处理
巨头瑞士空港 (Swissport) 准备大幅削减业务。
DeepL: 在维珍澳大利亚公司预计于周二倒闭之后，国际地面服务和货
物处理巨头 Swissport 准备大幅削减业务，
 PROBLEMS TRANSLATING
VERBS / PARTICIPLES
As reported in The Australian, Swissport has warned that 2000 of its skilled
workers, many highly trained and capable of implementing security protocols,
will likely be made redundant within two weeks.

DeepL: 据《澳大利亚人报》报道， Swissport 公司警告说，其 2000 名技术工人，

其中许多人受过严格训练，能够执行安全协议，很可能在两周内被裁员。 (order)

Youdao: 据《澳大利亚人报》 (The Australian) 报道，瑞士空港 (Swissport) 警告称，

其 2000 名技术工人可能会在两周内被裁掉，其中许多人训练有素，能够执行安
全协议。
PROBLEMS TRANSLATING
VERBS / PARTICIPLES
The researchers fed questions from previous exams to ChatGPT and had
the answers, ranging from open-ended written responses to multiple
choice, independently scored by two physician adjudicators.

BAIDU: 研究人员将之前考试中的问题反馈给 ChatGPT ，并由两名医生

评委独立打分，得到答案，从开放式书面回答到多项选择。

YOUDAO: 研究人员将之前考试中的问题输入 ChatGPT ，并得到答案，

从开放式书面回答到多项选择，由两名医师评审员独立评分。
PROBLEMS TRANSLATING
VERBS / PARTICIPLES
The researchers fed questions from previous exams to ChatGPT and had
the answers, ranging from open-ended written responses to multiple
choice, independently scored by two physician adjudicators.

Model translation: 研究人员…… 分别让两名医师评审对其回答进行打

分（ or 评分），……
PROBLEMS TRANSLATING
VERBS / PARTICIPLES – FOR
LECTURER ONLY
The researchers fed questions from previous exams to ChatGPT and had
the answers, ranging from open-ended written responses to multiple
choice, independently scored by two physician adjudicators.

Model translation: 研究人员将之前考试中的问题输入 ChatGPT ，然后

分别让两名医师评审对其回答进行打分（ or 评分），这些问题既包括
开放式问答题，也有多项选择。
PROBLEMS TRANSLATING
VERBS / PARTICIPLES
To test the program’s ability to perform clinical reasoning, they had it sit a
mock, abbreviated version of the USMLE, which is required for any doctor
to obtain a license to practice medicine in the US.

BAIDU: 为了测试该程序执行临床推理的能力，他们让它坐在 USMLE 的模

拟版上，任何医生都必须获得在美国行医的许可证。

YOUDAO: 为了测试该程序执行临床推理的能力，他们让它模拟了
USMLE 的缩写版本，这是任何医生在美国获得行医执照所必需的。

Do these translations make sense? Do they mean the same as the English
ST?
PROBLEMS TRANSLATING
VERBS / PARTICIPLES
To test the program’s ability to perform clinical reasoning, they had it sit a
mock, abbreviated version of the USMLE, which is required for any doctor
to obtain a license to practice medicine in the US.

An important clue is the verb ‘sit’. From our knowledge of English, we
know that ‘sit an exam’ is a common collocation.

So we do some research to find out what USMLE is.

USMLE = United States Medical Licensing Examination

… 美国医师执照考试 / 美国执业医师资格考试
PROBLEMS TRANSLATING
VERBS / PARTICIPLES
To test the program’s ability to perform clinical reasoning, they had it sit a
mock, abbreviated version of the USMLE, which is required for any
doctor to obtain a license to practice medicine in the US.

Model translation: …… 研究者们让它参加了（ or 试做了）美国医师执照

考试的精简版模拟测试，……
PROBLEMS TRANSLATING
VERBS / PARTICIPLES – FOR
LECTURER ONLY
To test the program’s ability to perform clinical reasoning, they had it sit a
mock, abbreviated version of the USMLE, which is required for any
doctor to obtain a license to practice medicine in the US.

Model translation: 为了测试该程序执行临床推理的能力，研究者们让它参

加了（ or 试做了）美国医师执照考试的精简版模拟测试，任何一位要在
美国行医的医生必须通过该考试获得行医资格证 [which version is better:
该考试对任何一位要在美国获得从医执照（ or 资格）的医生来说都是必
需的 ] 。
TRANSLATION
STRATEGY
Splitting long sentences:
•Find all the verbs … and participles
•Split into shorter sentences
•Put into a logical order
•(see W3 pre-class materials)
COMPLEX SENTENCES
→ SHORT SENTENCES
Refer to W3 Videos (W3 Pre-class folder)
Kangxi seems to have been confident that his example would teach
his son the filial duty and devotion that he himself had so strongly
demonstrated for his grandmother – once his only support in times of
great sorrow, now gone.

(Silas H.L. Wu, Passage to Power)

Compare English ST with MT versions

 COMPARE WITH MT VERSIONS
Source text: Kangxi seems to have been confident that his example would teach his
son the filial duty and devotion that he himself had so strongly demonstrated for his
grandmother – once his only support in times of great sorrow, now gone.

DeepL: 康熙似乎相信，他的榜样会让儿子学会他自己对祖母所表现出的孝道
和奉献精神 -- 这曾经是他在巨大的悲痛中唯一的支持，现在已经离开了。
Youdao: 康熙似乎有信心，他的榜样会教他的儿子孝顺和奉献，他自己曾如此强烈
地向他的祖母表现出来——曾经是他在巨大悲痛时唯一的支持，现在已经没有了。
Do these translations make sense? Do they mean the same as the English ST?
 STEP 1: FIND ALL THE VERBS
IN THE SENTENCE

Kangxi seems to have been confident that his example would teach his son the
filial duty and devotion that he himself had so strongly demonstrated for his
grandmother – once his only support in times of great sorrow, now gone.
 STEP 1: FIND ALL THE VERBS
IN THE SENTENCE

Kangxi seems to have been confident that his example would teach his son the
filial duty and devotion that he himself had so strongly demonstrated for his
grandmother – once his only support in times of great sorrow, now gone.

What does ‘gone’ mean? Who or what is now gone?

Who or what was ‘his only support’?
STEP 2: DIVIDE THE COMPLEX ENGLISH SENTENCE
INTO SEPARATE CLAUSES

Kangxi seems to have been confident that his example would teach his son the
filial duty and devotion that he himself had so strongly demonstrated for his
grandmother – once his only support in times of great sorrow, now gone.
Kangxi seems to have been confident.
His example would teach his son filial duty and devotion.
[Kangxi] had so strongly demonstrated [filial duty and devotion] for his
grandmother.
[His grandmother] – once his only support in times of great sorrow, now gone.
 STEP 3: USE VERBALISATION TO CREATE
SHORTER CLAUSES

S1: Kangxi seems to have been confident.

S2: His example would teach his son filial duty and devotion
S3: [Kangxi] had so strongly demonstrated [filial duty and devotion] for his grandmother.

S4: [His grandmother] – once his only support in times of great sorrow, now gone.
S4a: [His grandmother] was once his only support in times of great sorrow.
S4b: [His grandmother] was now gone.
STEP 4: TRANSLATE EACH CLAUSE SEPARATELY

S1: Kangxi seems to have been confident. S1: 康熙看来很确定

S2: 他以身作则会教儿子表现
S2: His example would teach his son filial 出孝顺
duty and devotion
S3: [ 康熙 ] 曾经对他祖母竭
S3: [Kangxi] had so strongly 尽
demonstrated [filial duty and devotion] for
his grandmother.
S4a: [His grandmother] was once his only S4a: 康熙的祖母曾经是他悲
support in times of great sorrow. 伤懊恼时唯一的支持者
S4b: [His grandmother] was now gone. S4b: [ 她 ] 与世长辞了
STEP 5: DECIDE WHICH ORDER OF
CLAUSES IS MOST
SUITABLE IN CHINESE
S1: 康熙看来很确定

S2: 他以身作则会教儿子表现出孝顺

S3: [ 康熙 ] 曾经对他祖母竭尽

S4a: 康熙的祖母曾经是他悲伤懊恼时唯一的支持者

S4b: [ 她 ] 与世长辞了

唯一的支持者 ~ 去世了 ~ 竭尽忠孝 ~ 看来很确定 ~ 会教儿子懂得

S4a S4b S3 S1 S2
STEP 5 (CONT’D): CHINESE CLAUSE ORDER

S4a: 康熙的祖母曾经是他悲伤懊恼时唯一的支持者

S4b: [ 她 ] 与世长辞了

S3: [ 康熙 ] 曾经对他祖母竭尽忠孝

S1: 康熙看来很确定

S2: 他以身作则会教儿子表现出孝顺
STEP 6: LINK ALL THE CHINESE CLAUSES
TOGETHER
S3b: 康熙的祖母曾经是他悲伤懊恼时唯一的支持者
S4: [ 她 ] 与世长辞了
S3a: [ 康熙 ] 曾经对他祖母竭尽忠孝
S1: 康熙看来很确定
S2: 他以身作则会教儿子表现出孝顺

曾经是康熙悲伤懊恼时唯一的支持者的祖母，与世长辞了。康熙曾经对她竭尽
忠孝，似乎满以为自己以身作则会教儿子懂得如何恪守孝道。
康熙的祖母曾经是康熙悲伤懊恼时唯一的支持者，她与世长辞了。康熙曾经对
她竭尽忠孝，一直自信地以为自己的以身作则会教儿子如何恪守孝道。
COMPARE WITH MT VERSIONS

Model translation: 曾经是康熙悲伤懊恼时唯一的支持者的祖母，与世长辞了。

康熙曾经对她竭尽忠孝，似乎满以为自己以身作则会教儿子懂得如何恪守孝道。

DeepL: 康熙似乎相信，他的榜样会让儿子学会他自己对祖母所表现出的孝道
和奉献精神 -- 这曾经是他在巨大的悲痛中唯一的支持，现在已经离开了。
Youdao: 康熙似乎有信心，他的榜样会教他的儿子孝顺和奉献，他自己曾如此强烈
地向他的祖母表现出来——曾经是他在巨大悲痛时唯一的支持，现在已经没有了。
ANALYSIS
Homework challenges from W2:
•Example question from Final Exam
(see W1 PPT)
•Gender-inclusive pronouns – ‘Gender affirmation’
(see W2 Pre-class - Homework)
EXAMPLE FROM FINAL EXAM
Business text - Translation

Context (do not translate): Miatta Fahnbulleh, chief executive of UK think tank New Economics Foundation, told the BBC the
figures were in line with what was expected “which is a big bounce as the restrictions were eased and the economy starts going back to
normal”.

Text to be translated: But underneath this is probably going to be a story of two halves - the GDP numbers tell us the economy is
recovering, but it’s likely to be uneven, with the bounceback driven by parts of the economy that have essentially been insulated from the
worst parts of the pandemic, and other parts of the economy - those with no work, or small businesses - really, really struggling,
particularly as the government starts removing some support going into the autumn.

Baidu: 但在这背后，很可能是一个由两部分组成的故事 -GDP 数据告诉我们，经济正在复苏，但很可能是不平衡的，反弹是由

经济中基本上与疫情最严重部分隔绝的部分推动的，而经济中的其他部分 - 那些没有工作的人或小企业 - 真的、真的在挣扎，尤
其是政府开始在秋季取消一些支持。

Google: 但在这背后可能是一个两半的故事——国内生产总值数据告诉我们经济正在复苏，但它可能是不平衡的，反弹是由
基本上不受经济最糟糕部分影响的部分经济驱动的 大流行病和经济的其他部分——那些没有工作的人或小企业——真的、真的
在苦苦挣扎，尤其是在政府开始取消一些支持进入秋季的时候。

Youdao: 但在这背后可能是一个一分为二的故事—— GDP 数据告诉我们，经济正在复苏，但它可能是不平衡的，经济反弹的

驱动因素是那些基本上与大流行最严重的部分绝缘的部分，而其他经济领域——那些没有工作的人，或小企业——真的，真的
很挣扎，尤其是政府开始在秋季取消一些支持。
EXAMPLE FROM S1 FINAL
EXAM
Context (do not translate): Miatta Fahnbulleh, chief executive of UK think
tank New Economics Foundation, told the BBC the figures were in line with what
was expected “which is a big bounce as the restrictions were eased and the
economy starts going back to normal”.

Text to be translated: But underneath this is probably going to be a story of

two halves - the GDP numbers tell us the economy is recovering, but it’s likely to
be uneven, with the bounceback driven by parts of the economy that have
essentially been insulated from the worst parts of the pandemic, and other parts
of the economy - those with no work, or small businesses - really, really
struggling, particularly as the government starts removing some support going
into the autumn.
EXAMPLE FROM FINAL EXAM
Business text - Translation

Baidu: 但在这背后，很可能是一个由两部分组成的故事 -GDP 数据告诉我们，经济正在复苏，

但很可能是不平衡的，反弹是由经济中基本上与疫情最严重部分隔绝的部分推动的，而经济中
的其他部分 - 那些没有工作的人或小企业 - 真的、真的在挣扎，尤其是政府开始在秋季取消一些
支持。

Google: 但在这背后可能是一个两半的故事——国内生产总值数据告诉我们经济正在复苏，
但它可能是不平衡的，反弹是由基本上不受经济最糟糕部分影响的部分经济驱动的 大流行病和
经济的其他部分——那些没有工作的人或小企业——真的、真的在苦苦挣扎，尤其是在政府开
始取消一些支持进入秋季的时候。

Youdao: 但在这背后可能是一个一分为二的故事—— GDP 数据告诉我们，经济正在复苏，但

它可能是不平衡的，经济反弹的驱动因素是那些基本上与大流行最严重的部分绝缘的部分，而
其他经济领域——那些没有工作的人，或小企业——真的，真的很挣扎，尤其是政府开始在秋
季取消一些支持。
EXAMPLE FROM FINAL EXAM
Model translation:
Although we do not mark the final exam based on model translations of
the texts, we nevertheless provide a suggested version here. It achieves
very high accuracy, while balancing considerations of meaning, structure
and fluency.

但这背后是一个需要一分为二地来看待的故事 (or 情况 ) ：一方面，

国内生产总值数据显示经济正在复苏，但这种复苏很可能是不平衡的，
经济反弹主要是由受疫情影响最小的部分驱动的，而经济的其他部分，
比如那些失业或者经营小生意的人，在秋季来临政府将要开始取消部
分支持政策时，会非常地挣扎。
GENDER-INCLUSIVE
LANGUAGE
Consider the pronouns in the following text. Can you find the nouns they are
referring to? How would you translate them?
Remember ... a professional translator always translates for the target
audience, so think about how to do this in a gender-inclusive way.
Different MT versions (DeepL, Youdao etc.) make mistakes with different
aspects of the text -- terminology, pronouns, sentence structure.
You might find the following websites useful background reading:
• https://www.dcard.tw/forum/all
• https://www.gq.com.tw/bettermen/article/%E6%80%A7%E5%88%A5%E8%AA%8D%E5
%90%8C-%E6%80%A7%E5%88%A5%E5%B9%B3%E6%AC%8A-lgbtq
• https://radii.co/article/pronouns-chinese-queers
GENDER-INCLUSIVE
LANGUAGE
Gender affirmation (aka Gender transition)
The personal process or processes a trans or gender diverse person
determines is right for them in order to live as their defined gender and so
that society recognises this. Gender affirmation may involve social, medical
and/or legal steps that affirm a person’s gender. Affirming our gender doesn’t
mean changing gender, ‘having a sex change’ or ‘becoming a man or a
woman’, and transition isn’t the same as being trans. A trans or gender
diverse person who hasn’t medically or legally affirmed their gender is no
less the man, woman or non-binary person they’ve always been.
(Source: https://www.transhub.org.au/; specifically their definitions page:
https://www.transhub.org.au/language)
GROUP
DISCUSSION
Translation agencies:
•What translation approach(es) would you use for
these different text genres?
(see W2 Handout 2)
•Pick one text genre. Imagine two different
scenarios with different clients. Explain why you
might use a different translation approach,
depending on the client’s wishes and the target
audience.
 TRANSLATION THEORIES
(See Handout - Translation Theories)
You work for a translating agency in Beijing. You have been asked to translate the documents
on your handout.
Would you approach all the tasks in the same way?
Refer to some of the theories and concepts covered in the pre-class materials, e.g.
 overt vs. covert translation,
 semantic vs. communicative translation,
 formal vs. dynamic equivalence,
 foreignization vs. domestication.

You have 7 minutes to complete this task

Which document do you want to translate and why? Assign each document to one
person.
TRANSLATION THEORIES
(CONT’D)
Advertising
a Johnny Walker TV ad (En > Ch)
a brochure for Sheraton Hotels (En > Ch)
a billboard advertising the latest Peugeot model (Fr > Ch)
a magazine ad for Rolex (En > Ch)
TRANSLATION THEORIES
(CONT’D)
Poems
a Tang Dynasty poem (Ch > En)
a Song Dynasty poem (Ch > En)
a poem by Bei Dao (pseudonym of Zhao Zhenkai 趙振开 ) (Ch > En)
a poem by Guo Moruo ( 郭沫若 ) (Ch > En)
TRANSLATION THEORIES
(CONT’D)
Instruction manuals
an instruction manual for the latest iPhone model (En > Ch)
an instruction manual for a Chinese rice cooker (Ch > En)
a set of rules for a board game (En > Ch)
an instruction manual for a washing machine (En > Ch)
 TRANSLATION THEORIES
(CONT’D)
Political speeches
a speech by Xi Jinping about the One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative (Ch > En)
a speech by Joe Biden about potential sanctions against Russia (En > Ch)
a speech by Vladimir Putin about the Russian Federation’s policy towards Ukraine (Ru > Ch)
a speech by Emmanuel Macron about the EU’s stance on refugees (Gr > Ch)
TRANSLATION THEORIES
(CONT’D)
Legal documents
a driver’s licence (Ch > En)
a joint venture contract (Ch > En)
a contract of sale for a house (En > Ch)
a birth certificate (Ch > En)
TRANSLATION THEORIES
(CONT’D)
Newspaper / magazine articles
a magazine article about the latest movie with Zhang Ziyi ( 章子怡 ) (Ch > En)
a newspaper article about the coronavirus (En > Ch)
a newspaper article about an earthquake in Taiwan (Ch > En)
a magazine article about an interview with Roger Federer (En > Ch)
PREPARATION FOR W3

Review the W2 PPT

Do the W2 Post-class Review activities (Articulate)
Complete Post-class Review Exercise 2
Do the W3 Pre-class ‘Flipped Classroom’ activities (Articulate) and
the W3 Exercises in preparation for your Pre-class E-task 3
 Highligh Highlight translation challenges in

HOMEWO t Example Sentences 1-3 [25-31]

• Refer to W1 Video 3 (W1 Pre-class folder)

RK Review the steps in translating complex

Review sentences [48-49]
CHALLEN • See W2 Videos 3-4 (W2 Pre-class folder)

GES Practise
Practise with 2 complex sentences [50-53]

(SLIDES • Analyse the relationships between clauses

• Find errors in the MT versions

47-53) Translat Prepare your own improved translation of

e these 2 complex sentences [50-53]
• Is your translation better than the MT versions?
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Refer to W2 Handout 1
Example 1: Closest NP
When they emerged, those allegations also prompted a forceful denial
from Buckingham Palace, which vehemently denied there was "any
form of sexual contact or relationship" between Prince Andrew and
Giuffre.

Find the noun phrase that 'which' refers to in the sentence above. Justify
your choice.
Done in W1 Padlet Activities
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Example 2: Distant NP

For the five beef exporting countries profiled in this report, improved
market access was the main driver of export revenue growth between
2000 and 2014, which outstripped other contributing factors including
changes in export supply costs, exchange rate movements and growth in
beef consumption.

Find the noun phrase that 'which' refers to in the sentence above. Justify
your choice.

Done in W1 Padlet Activities

RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Example 3: Clause

Global demand for beef is expected to expand significantly over the

next several decades, especially in Asia, which will present
opportunities for Australian exporters.

Find the noun phrase that 'which' refers to in the sentence above. Justify
your choice.
Done in W1 Padlet Activities
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
China's economy is growing at its slowest rate in almost three decades
and US tariffs are certainly one of the reasons for that, but Beijing
tends to play things long, which makes its willingness to allow the
yuan to rise above seven to the dollar both significant and worrying.

Find the noun phrase that 'which' refers to in the sentence above. Justify
your choice.

Done in W1 Padlet Activities

RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Kim Carr said the new bill proposed by the Coalition was
"unnecessary, arbitrary in its application and discriminatory in its
effect" after the Senate on Thursday examined the bill, which will
decide the fate of 3,127 people who were taken to offshore processing
from July 2013.

Find the noun phrase that 'which' refers to in the sentence above. Justify
your choice.

Done in W1 Padlet Activities

RELATIVE PRONOUNS
One fresh impetus for the rise in average regular wages was the pay
rises for public sector workers in the spring, which were largely
absent in previous years.

Find the noun phrase that 'which' refers to in the sentence above. Justify
your choice.
Done in W1 Padlet Activities
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
The Law Council's chair of migration, Georgina Costello, urged
parliament to reject the bill, which attempted to “use vulnerable, sick
refugees as pawns to deter others who might come later”.

Find the noun phrase that 'which' refers to in the sentence above. Justify
your choice.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Theresa May's failure to actualise the result of the referendum led to
the rise of the Brexit party, which came first in the elections for the
European parliament.

Find the noun phrase that 'which' refers to in the sentence above. Justify
your choice.
 FIND THE MAIN CLAUSE

Before the measles vaccine was introduced in 1963 and widespread vaccination was
implemented in many countries around the world, major epidemics occurred
approximately every 2–3 years, with measles causing an estimated 2.6 million deaths
each year.

a. The measles vaccine was introduced in 1963.

b. Widespread vaccination was implemented in many countries around the world.
c. Major epidemics occurred approximately every 2-3 years.
d. Measles causing an estimated 2.6 million deaths each year.
 FIND THE MAIN CLAUSE

Before the measles vaccine was introduced in 1963 and widespread vaccination was
implemented in many countries around the world, major epidemics occurred
approximately every 2–3 years, with measles causing an estimated 2.6 million deaths
each year.

a. The measles vaccine was introduced in 1963.

b. Widespread vaccination was implemented in many countries around the world.
c. Major epidemics occurred approximately every 2-3 years.
d. Measles causing an estimated 2.6 million deaths each year.
 FIND THE MAIN CLAUSE

Even though a safe and cost-effective vaccine is available, there were

110,000 measles deaths globally in 2017, mostly occurring among children
under the age of five.
a. A safe and cost-effective vaccine is available.
b. There were 110 000 measles deaths globally in 2017.
c. Mostly occurring among children under the age of five.
d. There were 110 000 measles deaths globally in 2017, mostly occurring
among children under the age of five.
 FIND THE MAIN CLAUSE

Even though a safe and cost-effective vaccine is available, there were

110,000 measles deaths globally in 2017, mostly occurring among children
under the age of five.
a. A safe and cost-effective vaccine is available.
b. There were 110 000 measles deaths globally in 2017.
c. Mostly occurring among children under the age of five.
d. There were 110 000 measles deaths globally in 2017, mostly occurring
among children under the age of five.
 FIND THE MAIN CLAUSE

US President Donald Trump was offering his Chinese counterpart Xi Jinping some advice on
dealing with Hong Kong, which will only inflame tensions, while in New York the concern is
a global recession.

a. US President Donald Trump was offering his Chinese counterpart Xi Jinping some advice.
b. On dealing with Hong Kong.
c. Which will only inflame tensions.
d. In New York the concern is a global recession.
 FIND THE MAIN CLAUSE

US President Donald Trump was offering his Chinese counterpart Xi Jinping some advice on
dealing with Hong Kong, which will only inflame tensions, while in New York the concern is
a global recession.

a. US President Donald Trump was offering his Chinese counterpart Xi Jinping some
advice.
b. On dealing with Hong Kong.
c. Which will only inflame tensions.
d. In New York the concern is a global recession.
KAHOOT GAME: FIND THE
MAIN CLAUSE
https://create.kahoot.it/