A PRESENTATION ON THE TOPIC OF

AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
(ARENES)

SUBMITTED BY:
• NIRANJAN KHANAL
•

•
NIRAJAN BHANDARI
MARVIN SIMKHADA Submitted to:
MIHESH KUMAL
Department of
•

• GANESH PANERU
JAY PRAKASH PANDIT
chemistry
•

• JENITH ACHARYA
 Thanks giving
To respected principal of bst college Mr. Debendra pd
Hadakhale sir, respected mam Kamala Rijal and respected
sir Manoj Paudel.
Thanks for considering me and my collogues to work on this
project entrusting us with this power point presentation
giving us the opportunity to handle this interesting topic
related with organic chemistry.
 TABLE OF CONTENT
 Introduction
 Features of aromatic compounds
 Huckel’s rule of aromaticity
 Isomerism
 Benzene and its preparation method
 Properties of benzene
 Uses of benzene
 Conclusion
 Reference
 INTRODUCTION
 The term aromatic was derived from the Greek word aroma
 It means sweet smelling or fragrant odour
 They are cyclic compounds
 Benzene is the most common aromatic compounds and most of the
aromatic compounds have one or more than one benzene ring
 Benzene itself is particularly toxic and long term exposure to benzene
may cause certain kinds of cancer(carcinogenic effect)
 The terms arenes is used for aromatic hydrocarbons like
benzene,naphthalene,anthracene etc.
 Examples of aromatic hydrocarbons(arenes) are;
 Features of aromatic compounds
 Cyclic compounds contains five , six or seven membered ring and have
flat structure
 Highlyunsaturated compounds but are resistant to addition reaction
they undergo electrophile substitution reactions
 They are more stable than expected
 They are less reactive than aliphatic compounds
 Percentage of carbon is higher in aromatic compond than aliphatic
compounds
 Aromatic compounds must contain delocalized cloud of electrons and
they must follow huckel’s (4n+2)electron rule
 Aromatic hydroxy compounds are acidic in nature while alcohols are
neutral compounds
 Huckel’s rule of aromaticity
Huckel’s rule of aromaticity state’s that
“A planar ring molecule is aromatic if it contain (4n+2)
electrons,where(n) is anon-negative integer.this rule helps
predict whether a compound will exhibit aromatic properties
based on its electron count in a orbital system.”
 Isomerism
 Those compounds which have similar molecular formula but have
different physical and chemical properties is called isomerism.
 Isomers of benzene are as follows:
 BENZENE AND ITS PREPARATION
 Benzene is a colorless,flammable liquid aromatic hydrocarbon with the molecular
formula C₆H₆.on small scale,benzene is prepared as follows:
1. By the method of phenol
BENZENE

2. By polymerization of acetylene
3.By heating sodium benzanoate with sodalime4

4.From chlorobenzene
chlorobenzene

Benzene
Properties of benzene

Physical properties
• colorless liquid with aromatic odour
• Insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents like alcohol,ether etc.

• Vapours of benzene is highly inflammable and toxic & burns with sooty
flame.
• Benzene itself is a good solvent for many organic and inorganic
substances,eg; fat, resins,iodine, sulpher etc.
 Chemical properties
 The principle types of reactions of benzene are;
i. Substitution reaction
ii. Addition reaction
iii. Oxidation reaction

Substitution reaction
 Benzene reacts with electron deficientreagents to give different
substituted products.
Substituted products
1) Halogenation
 Benzene reacts with chlorine and bromine in presence of catalysts like FeCl₃ ,FeBr₃
at cold and dark condition to give chlorobenzene and bromobenzene.

2) Nitration
 Benzene reacts with conc.nitric acid in presence of conc.H₂SO₄ at 60ve
nitrobenzene.
3) Sulphonation
When benzene is treated with fuming sulphuric acid at room temp.benzene suiphonic
acid forms

4) Friedel crafts reaction

i) Fridel-crafts alkynation ii) Fridel-crafts acylation
2) Addition reaction
 Benzene contains three double bonds. so,it reacts with 3 molecules of the reagents
like hydrogen, chlorine, ozone etc.
a) Catalytic hydrogenation

b) Addition of halogens
c) Addition of ozone

iii) Oxidation reaction

1) Combustion combustion
2C₆H₆ + 15O₂ 12CO ₂ + 6H ₂O
Catalytic oxidation
Benzene is not attacked by oxidizing agents under ordinary Conditions.
When vapour of benzene are passed over vanadiunm pentaoxide catalyst
at 500 in presence of air, it is oxidized into maleic anhydride.

Benzene(vapour form)
 Uses of benzene
 As a motor fuel in combination with petrol.
 Dry cleaning agent for woolen clothes.
 Solvent for extraction of oils and fats.
 As a starting material for the preparation of phenol, aniline,
chlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, dyes, drugs, perfumes, explosives,
plastics etc.
 As a laboratory reagent
 Conclusion
 Aromatic hydrocarbons are a class of organic compounds characterized
Having one or more benzene rings in their structure . They exhibit unique
properties due to the delocalized pi-electrons in the benzene ring, making
them more stable and less reactive compared to aliphatic hydrocarbons.
Aromatic hydrocarbons have various applications in industries such as
pharmaceuticals, plastics, and dyes. Their stability and unique chemical
properties make them essential building blocks in organic synthesis.
 MCQ’S
1) Aromatic compounds must contains following,
i)Kekule’s structure ii)NTP iii)huckel’s rule iv)all
2) In benzene how many
i)3 ii) 1 iii) 6 iv) none
3) 1,2-Dichlorobenzene also be represented as,
i)o-Dichlorobenzene ii) m-Dichlorobenzene iii) p-Dichlorobenzene iv) 1,2-Dichlorohexene
4) Benzene was discovered by,
i)Berzilius ii) F.kekule iii) M.Faraday iv) Charles Babbage

Some questions
1) Discuss about Huckel’s rule of aromaticity?
2) Write the preparation method of benzene?
3) What happens when,
a) benzene is sulphonated
b) sod.benzoate is heated with soda-lime
References
Comprehensive chemistry book
Chat gpt
Byju’s learning app

THANK YOU