Lecture 1:

Introduction to Management

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Learning Outcomes
• To explain the meaning of management and areas of management.
• To describe the functions of management.
• To analyse levels of managers in organisation.
• To clarify role of managers in organisation.
• To examine skills required of managers.
• To analyse entrepreneurship.

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Lecture Structure
1. Definition of Management.
2. Areas of Management.
3. Functions of Management.
4. Levels of Management.
5. Managerial Roles.
6. Management Skills.
7. Entrepreneur – Evolution, concepts & theories.
8. Characteristics of Entrepreneur & Entrepreneurial Networking.
9. Developing New Venture & Legal requisites.

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1. Definition of Management
• Many ways to define management.
• This could be perceived in the following sense:
a. Efficiency [low resource wastage] & Effectiveness [high goal
attainment];
b. Relationship [work with people & through people]
c. Motivation [influence & inspire]
d. Providing = Corporate social responsibility [Welfare]

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2. Areas of Management
• There are two broad areas of management:
a. General Management = overseeing entire organisation that is day
to day operations involving (planning, organising, leading and
controlling. Eg General Managers.
b. Functional Management = involving managers at department
level i.e., in-charge of respective departments. Eg Production
Manager = Marketing Manager = Finance Manager =; Personnel
Manager

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2. Areas of Management
- Source: Borges et.,al (2015)
3. Functions of Management
• Functions of management could be seen in terms of:
a. Planning (involving strategic planning, tactical planning and operational
planning) = doing  strategies/measures to achieve organisational goals;
b. Organising = assigning work (duties/responsibilities) to the workers:

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3. Functions of Management (continued)
c. Leading = motivating  rewards (financial & non-financial)
d. Controlling = monitoring activities/strategies  corrections.
e. Other functions of management = staffing, innovations, representation

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Functions of Management
Source: Daft, 2018

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4. Level of Management
• What do they all do?
a. Top management eg: President, Vice- President, Chief Executive
Officer, Chief Operating Officer, Chief Information Officer =
b. Middle level management eg: Head of Department, Functional
Managers, Branch Managers, Area Managers =
c. Lower level management eg: Supervisors, Foremen, office managers =
d. Non-managerial employees team leaders & labour.

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 Levels of Management
Source: Robbins & Coulter (2018)

• Exhibit 1-1 shows that in traditionally structured organizations, managers can be

classified as first-line, middle, or top.
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Levels of Management
- Source: Borges et.,al (2015)

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5. Managerial Roles
(Source: Robbins & Coulter, 2021)

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5. Managerial Roles
a. Interpersonal Roles = relationship, eg: (Figurehead role; Leader role;
Liaison role.
b. Informational Roles = acquire info, share info, transmit info eg:
(Monitor role; Disseminator role; Spokesperson role).
c. Decisional Roles = making choices eg: (Entrepreneur role,
Disturbance Handler role, resource allocator role, Negotiator role

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6. Management Skills
• Conceptual skills ability to think and see organisation as a whole (Top
Management)
• Human skills = ability to work with people, empathy (Middle level
management)
• Technical skills = grasp techniques, methods & equipment in carrying
out specific functions (Lower level Management)

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7. Entrepreneur - Evolution, concepts/theories

• Entrepreneurship: the process of starting new businesses, generally

in response to opportunities (Robbins & Coulter, 2021) =
• Entrepreneurial ventures: organizations that pursue opportunities,
are characterized by innovative practices, and have growth and
profitability as their main goals (Robbins & Coulter, 2021)
=
8. Characteristics of Entrepreneur & Entrepreneurial Networking Source: Barringer &
Ireland (2016)
8. Characteristics of Entrepreneur & Entrepreneurial
Networking Source: Barringer & Ireland (2016) continued
• Passion for the Business
• Entrepreneur’s belief that the business will positively influence people’s lives.
• Product/Customer Focus
• Entrepreneur’s keen focus on products and customers.
• Tenacity Despite Failure
• Entrepreneurs' ability to persevere through setbacks and failures.
• Execution Intelligence
• The ability to turn a business idea into a viable business.
9. Developing New Venture & Legal requisites

• Steps involved in developing the new venture:

1. Explore the entrepreneurial context that is examine environmental trends
2. Identify opportunities and possible competitive advantages
3. Start the venture.
4. Manage the venture
9. Developing New Venture & Legal requisites
Source: Robbins & Coulter (2021)

• Sole proprietorship: a form of legal organization in which the owner maintains

sole and complete control over the business and is personally liable for business
debts.
• General partnership: a form of legal organization in which two or more business
owners share the management and risk of the business.
• Limited liability partnership (LLP): a form of legal organization consisting of
general partner(s) and limited liability partner(s).
• Corporation: a legal business entity that is separate from its owners and
managers.