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EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
1,2
Marhaen Hardjo
1
Head of Biochemistry Department, Medical Faculty of Hasanuddin University
2
Director of Stem Cell Center Hasanuddin University Hospital
DEPARTMENT OF
BIOCHEMISTRY MEDICAL
FACULTI OF HASANUDDIN
UNIVERSITY
AP Biology
The Cell Membrane
AP Biology 2007-2008
Overview
Cell membrane separates living cell from
nonliving surroundings
thin barrier = 8nm thick
Controls traffic in & out of the cell
selectively permeable
allows some substances to cross more easily
than others
hydrophobic vs hydrophilic
AP Biology
Phosphate
Phospholipids
Fatty acid tails
hydrophobic
Phosphate group head
Fatty acid
hydrophilic
Arranged as a bilayer
Aaaah,
one of those
structure–function
examples
AP Biology
Phospholipid bilayer
polar
hydrophilic
heads
nonpolar
hydrophobic
tails
polar
hydrophilic
heads
AP Biology
More than lipids…
In 1972, S.J. Singer & G. Nicolson
proposed that membrane proteins are
inserted into the phospholipid bilayer
AP Biology
Membrane is a collage of proteins & other molecules
embedded in the fluid matrix of the lipid bilayer
Glycolipid
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Transmembrane
proteins
Peripheral
protein
Cytoplasm Filaments of
cytoskeleton
AP Biology
Membrane fat composition varies
Fat composition affects flexibility
membrane must be fluid & flexible
about as fluid as thick salad oil
% unsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids
keep membrane less viscous
cold-adapted organisms, like winter wheat
increase % in autumn
cholesterol in membrane
AP Biology
Membrane Proteins
Proteins determine membrane’s specific functions
cell membrane & organelle membranes each have
unique collections of proteins
Membrane proteins:
peripheral proteins
loosely bound to surface of membrane
cell surface identity marker (antigens)
integral proteins
penetrate lipid bilayer, usually across whole membrane
transmembrane protein
transport proteins
channels, permeases (pumps)
AP Biology
Why are
proteins the perfect
molecule to build structures
in the cell membrane?
AP Biology 2007-2008
Classes of amino acids
What do these amino acids have in common?
I like the
polar ones
the best!
AP Biology
polar & hydrophilic
Proteins domains anchor molecule
Polar areas
Within membrane of protein
nonpolar amino acids
hydrophobic
anchors protein
into membrane
On outer surfaces of
membrane
polar amino acids
hydrophilic
extend into
extracellular fluid &
Nonpolar areas of protein
AP Biology
into cytosol
H+
Examples Retinal
chromophore
NH2
water channel
in bacteria
Porin monomer
-pleated sheets
Bacterial Nonpolar
outer (hydrophobic) COOH
membrane -helices in the
cell membrane H+
Cytoplasm
Plasma
membrane
Inside
Transporter Enzyme Cell surface
activity receptor
foreign cells by
immune system
AP Biology
Any Questions??
AP Biology
Movement across the
Cell Membrane
AP Biology 2007-2008
Diffusion
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
governs biological systems
universe tends towards disorder (entropy)
Diffusion
AP Biology
movement from high low concentration
Diffusion
Move from HIGH to LOW concentration
“passive transport”
no energy needed
movement of water
IN OUT
food waste
carbohydrates OUT ammonia
sugars, proteins salts
amino acids CO2
IN
lipids H2O
salts, O2, H2O products
AP Biology
cell needs materials in & products or waste out
Diffusion through phospholipid bilayer
What molecules can get through directly?
fats & other lipids
lipid
What molecules can
inside cell NOT get through
NH3 salt directly?
polar molecules
H 2O
ions
salts, ammonia
sugar aa H 2O
outside cell large molecules
starches, proteins
AP Biology
Channels through cell membrane
Membrane becomes semi-permeable
with protein channels
specific channels allow specific material
across cell membrane
NH
AP Biology
3
salt outside cell
Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion through protein channels
channels move specific molecules across
cell membrane
facilitated = with help
no energy needed
open channel = fast transport
high
low
AP Biology “The Bouncer”
Active Transport
Cells may need to move molecules against
concentration gradient
shape change transports solute from
one side of membrane to other
protein “pump”
conformational change
“costs” energy = ATP low
ATP
high
AP Biology “The Doorman”
Active transport
Many models & mechanisms
ATP ATP
antiport symport
AP Biology
Getting through cell membrane
Passive Transport
Simple diffusion
diffusion of nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules
lipids
high low concentration gradient
Facilitated transport
diffusion of polar, hydrophilic molecules
through a protein channel
high low concentration gradient
Active transport
diffusion against concentration gradient
low high
uses a protein pump ATP
requires ATP
AP Biology
Transport summary
simple
diffusion
facilitated
diffusion
active ATP
transport
AP Biology
How about large molecules?
Moving large molecules into & out of cell
through vesicles & vacuoles
endocytosis
AP Biology exocytosis
Endocytosis
fuse with
phagocytosis lysosome for
digestion
pinocytosis non-specific
process
triggered by
receptor-mediated molecular
endocytosis signal
AP Biology
The Special Case of Water
AP Biology 2007-2008
Osmosis is diffusion of water
Water is very important to life,
so we talk about water separately
Diffusion of water from
high concentration of water to
low concentration of water
across a
semi-permeable
membrane
AP Biology
Concentration of water
Direction of osmosis is determined by
comparing total solute concentrations
Hypertonic - more solute, less water
Hypotonic - less solute, more water
Isotonic - equal solute, equal water
water
hypotonic hypertonic
AP Biology net movement of water
Managing water balance
Cell survival depends on balancing
water uptake & loss
AP Biology balanced
Managing water balance
Hypotonic
a cell in fresh water
example: Paramecium
problem: gains water,
swells & can burst
water continually enters
Paramecium cell
solution: contractile vacuole
ATP pumps water out of cell
ATP
plant cells
turgid
AP Biology freshwater
Water regulation
Contractile vacuole in Paramecium
ATP
AP Biology
Managing water balance
Hypertonic
a cell in salt water
example: shellfish
problem: lose water & die
solution: take up water or
pump out salt
plant cells
plasmolysis = wilt
AP Biology saltwater
1991 | 2003
Aquaporins
Water moves rapidly into & out of cells
evidence that there were water channels
.05 M .03 M
AP Biology
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX/ADHESION
Reading:
Molecular Biology of the Cell Chapter 19 is
required reading, except for information pertaining to
nonmammalian cells, and to embryology.
Largely self-study:
types of cell-cell adhesive interactions
[junctional: occluding (tight), adherens,
desmosomes & gap; +
nonjunctional]
constituents (plasma membrane and
cytoskeletal, if any) and structures
of each type of cell-cell interaction
functional roles of each type of cell-cell
adhesion
AP Biology
A Summary of Junctional and
Nonjunctional Adhesion
AP Biology
Fig. 19-28
Cell-Cell Adhesion: Major
Plasma Membrane Proteins
Junction Protein family
Barrier to diffusion of
molecules across the
epithelial cell sheet
AP Biology
Fig. 19-3A
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
(ECM)
Extracellular
network of
macromolecule
s
Components
secreted
locally;
organized by
cells associated
with the matrix
AP Biology
Fig. 19-31
BASAL LAMINA
Hyaluronan
Proteoglycans
Collagens
Elastin
Fibronectin
Laminin
Enactin/
nidogen
Fig. 19-57 Protein in green,
AP Biology
glycosaminoglycan in red.
Plasma Membrane Constituents
which Bind to the ECM
Integrins
Proteoglycans
Plasma membrane
heterodimers
Have ECM or
surface membrane
binding domain(s)
Have divalent
cation binding sites
Many participate in
linking the ECM to
the cytoskeleton
AP Biology
Fig. 19-60
AP Biology Circ Res 89:211. 2001
Integrins and
their
ligands
J Biol Chem
275:21785,
2000
AP Biology
J Biol Chem 275:21785, ‘00
AP Biology
PLASMA MEMBRANE
PROTEOGLYCANS
AP Biology
Annu Rev Biochem 68:729,’99
HYALURONAN
Fig. 19-35
Disaccharide structure
AP Biology
Fig. 19-34 Relative volumes
Table 19-3 Some Common Proteoglycans
AP Biology
COLLAGENS
A helix comprised of
homotrimer & heterotrimer
polypeptides (alpha chains)
Major proteins of ECMs
Many different alpha chains
Multiple structures (involves
cross-linking of chains)
fibrils
network forming
fibril-associated
AP Biology
Formation of Collagen
FIBRILS and FIBERS
AP Biology
Fig. 19-43
Formation of Collagen Networks
AP Biology
Fig. 19-52
COLLAGEN ASSEMBLIES
AP Biology
ELASTIC FIBERS
Elastin, main constituent
Fibers crosslinked to form a network
Fibers & network can extend and recoil
Fig. 19-50
AP Biology
MICROFIBRILS
AP Biology
FIBRONECTIN (FN)
Extracellular dimeric
glycoprotein
Differential splicing
Multiple functional
domains
cell binding
RGD sequence of FN
other specificities
heparin binding
collagen binding
fibrin binding
Organized into a matrix
AP Biology
Fig. 19-51 A,C
LAMININ
Heterotrimeric glycoprotein
Basal lamina constituent
Multiple binding domains
Self assembly
Type IV collagen
Heparan sulfate
Enactin/nidogen
Cell Surface
integrin
nonintegrin
AP Biology
Fig. 16-75B
INTEGIN-ECM SIGNALING
AP Biology
Matrix Metalloproteases
Also termed matrix metalloproteinases,
matrixins, MMPs
Enzymes which cleave ECM
constituents, including
collagenases
Contain a propeptide which must be
cleaved for enzyme activity
Multiple mechanisms to regulate MMP
activity, including inhibition by tissue
inhibitors of metalloproteases (TIMPs)
Other functional domains
AP Biology
Matrix Metalloproteases
AP Biology
Genes Dev 14:2123,’00
AP Biology
Genes Dev 14:2123,’00
ADAM
A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease
T=
transmembrane
domain