Hyd Symbols

Grove Manitowoc National Crane Potain
Hydraulic Symbols
Introduction
The following crane schematic symbol study guide has been

developed to equip a novice technician with navigational skills
necessary to use system schematics. The content of this guide is
intended to increase a technicians general knowledge level of
Grove hydraulic schematics. Schematic symbols emphasize the
function and describe the operation of the components and their
respective circuits, an overall system schematic will show the
entire machine’s circuitry on one or in some cases multiple pages.
A technician equipped with the ability to read schematics has the
advantage of viewing the cranes complete hydraulic system. When
presented with a machines fault, they can systematically eliminate
possible causes, thus arriving at a solution much quicker. It is
beneficial to a technician to have the fundamental understanding of
schematic symbols in order to become an effective troubleshooter.
This study guide and the information contained here in was developed
based on ISO – 1219 fluid Power and ANSI – Y32.10 Graphic Symbols.

1 Hydraulic Symbols
Hydraulic Lines
Working Line: Supply line or Return line

depending on the direction of flow.
Connector Point: Branch lines

connected to main line.
Lines Crossing: A line crossing over

another line, but not connected.
Dashed Line: Pilot Line oil flow.

2 Hydraulic Symbols
Hydraulic Lines
Dotted Line: Case drain or load

sense.
Blocked Line: A plug or plugged

connection.
Quick Disconnect: Connection point

with quick change connector.
Gauge Port: A gauge port is an

access point to take pressure test for
main or circuit relief pressures.

3 Hydraulic Symbols
In-Line Components
Orifice: An in line fixed restriction that

functions as a flow control device.
Variable Orifice: An in line fixed

restriction that functions as a flow
control device and is adjustable.
Gate Valve: Used to open or close

supply flow in a hydraulic circuit.

4 Hydraulic Symbols
Enclosures
An Enclosure or Chain Line is used to

show a component that has two or
more functions contained within one
unit (Valve bank).
Example – Swing / Flow Divider Valve

5 Hydraulic Symbols
Hydraulic Reservoirs
Reservoirs are not just used for

storage of the oil, most reservoirs
are vented allowing air to enter or
exists the space above the oil level
as the oil level moves up and down.
Provides: Return line
terminated below fluid level
1.A large surface area to transfer
heat from the fluid to the
surrounding area.
2.Slows down returning fluid
which helps to allow heavier
contaminants to settle and air
escape.
3.A physical barrier that separates
oil returning to the tank from oil Return line
terminated above fluid level
entering the pump suction line.

6 Hydraulic Symbols
Hydraulic Filters
Hydraulic Filters are used to filter

out contaminants in the
hydraulic system. Some filters
are full flow, meaning that all oil
being returned to the reservoir
must pass through the element
first.
The oil being returned to the
reservoir is forced into the center
of the element than pushed out
through the element into the
reservoir.

7 Hydraulic Symbols
Hydraulic Filters
Hydraulic Filters with a Bypass

Valve use the same process of
filtering the oil. The difference
with this style filter is that they
are equipped with a bypass valve
that allows oil to bypass the
filter and return to the tank in
the event the filter becomes
clogged and flow is restricted
through it.

8 Hydraulic Symbols
Hydraulic Oil Coolers
Hydraulic Oil Coolers are used to

help cool the hydraulic oil in the
system. The returning oil to tank is
circulated through the coolers which
are cooled by a fan or fans. The
cooled oil then returns through the
filter and to the tank to be re-
circulated into the system.
A bypass valve is installed on some
models, this valve allows oil to
bypass the cooler in the event that
the oil is cold or until the oil reaches
a specific temperature.
Oil Cooler with Bypass Valve

9 Hydraulic Symbols
Pumps
Pump Drive: The power source for the

pump drives can be in the form of a ENGINE
combustion engine, transfer case or in
some cases a electric motor.
The pump drives are used to operate the
pumps as a main power source or as an
emergency backup.
Pump Disconnect: Normally installed

between the pump drive and the pump,
the pump disconnect aids in starting the
crane due to cold weather conditions or
certain load sensing pump designs.

10 Hydraulic Symbols
Fixed Displacement Pump
A Fixed Displacement Pump is simply

two gears meshing together within a
housing. By flooding the inlet with
oil, we fill the area between the gear
teeth and the rotating gears carries
the oil to the outlet side. The oil is 27.7
squeezed out of the gear area by the 26.5
meshing gears, this causes the oil to
go through the outlet. This pump is
a fixed displacement due to the fact
that the geometries of the pump
cannot be changed, the volume of
fluid can only be changed by
changing the drive speed of the
pump.

Variable Displacement Pump
A Variable Displacement Pump works

on the principle of pistons reciprocating
in bores. The piston retracts, allowing
fluid into the bore when it is at the
inlet. At the outlet, the piston moves
forward into the bore expelling the fluid
via the outlet.
The In-line swash plate creates flow,
with the turning of the cylinder block
the piston shoes ride on the swash
plate causing the pistons to work in
and out of the bores. This style pump is
variable displacement due to fact that
the geometries of the pump can be
changed by changing the angle of the
swash plate.

Hydraulic Swivels
The Hydraulic Swivel is designed to

allow 360 degree rotation of the
superstructure while still allowing oil
flow between the carrier and the
superstructure.

Valves
Directional control valves on Actuator

Grove schematics are drawn to
show the functioning
components of the valve. Spool
Housing
Port Port
Return Spring

Valves
Directional control valves with

lines drawn in parallel with the
valve represent a proportional
style valve.
Proportional flow control valves
come with multiple flow
ranges which allow you to
match your system
requirements for the highest
controllability. The amount of
oil flow is controlled by how
much the spool is shifted.

Valves
T
Grove uses multiple style control valves.
These valves are identified by their
number of connection points, their number T
Two Way / Two Position
of possible positions and their spool type.
The actuation of these valves can be T T
accomplished manually, hydraulically,
electrically or pneumatically.
T
The arrows within the valve body Three Way / Two Position
represent the spool directions.
Four Way / Two Position

T T
T T
Four Way / Three Position

Valves
Manually Operated: The spool is shifted

manually connected push / pull lever.
Pneumatic Operated: The spool is

shifted by air by means of a control lever
or switch.
Pilot Operated: The spool is shifted by

pilot hydraulic oil by means of a control
lever or switch.
Electric Operated: The spool is shifted

electrically by means of a switch or other
electrical contact. (Solenoid Valve)

Valves
Mechanical Operated: The spool is

shifted manually with a
mechanically.
Treadle Operated: The spool is shifted

by air by means of a foot pedal.
w
Spring Operated: The spool is shifted
by a spring.
Push Button Operated: The spool is

shifted manually with a mechanical button.
Manually Operated with Detent: The spool

is shifted manually with the ability to maintain
the spool in predetermined limit positions.

Valves
One Way Two Position Solenoid:

Once the spool is shifted the oil has one
path to flow, in the neutral position the
flow is blocked.
Four Way Three Position Open Center:

Typically used with fixed displacement
pumps this valve when in the neutral
position, as shown here, traps the oil in T S
the circuit. With the pump engaged and

the spool in the neutral position the oil will
T
flow through the center of valve (S) and B A
returned to tank (T).

Valves
T
Four Way Three Position Closed Center:

Typically used with variable displacement
pumps this valve when in the neutral LS A
position, as shown here, traps the oil in the B
circuit. But unlike the open center valve, the

oil is blocked from passing through the
center of the valve and back to tank.
S
Four Way Three Position Motor Spool:

Typically used with motor circuits such as
hoist or swing, this valve can be a open or A
closed center type. The spool in this valve is B
designed to prevent circuit back pressure
when in the neutral position by having the
working ports (A&B) circuit open to the tank.

Valves
A B
Four Way Three
Position Open Center
A T P
B
Port
Relief
Ports are closed to

tank when spool
is in neutral
position

Valves
A B
Four Way Three
Position Motor Spool
T P
A B
Anti
Cavitation
Valves
Both ports are

open to tank whe n
spool is in the
neutral position

Valves
Three Way Valve with Manual Override:

Used to control oil flow to or from a circuit
but with the ability to manually override the
valve.
Flow Switch Valve: Provides ground for a

specific electrical circuit. Shown in its normal
position, it will illuminate an indicator light.
When operating properly, hydraulic flow will
enter the valve shifting the valve spool
thus opening the switch contacts and
turning off the indicator light.

Valves
Check Valve: Designed to create back

pressure in a specific circuit.
Spring Loaded Check Valve:

Designed to create back pressure in a
specific circuit.
Shuttle Valve: Oil flow is directed from

the inlet port with the highest pressure to
the outlet port, while the other port is
held closed. Used to direct maximum
pressure to components depending on
the application.

Valves
Relief Valve: Installed in a hydraulic

circuit to protect the system or the
circuit from being over pressurized.
These valve are also called main reliefs
and circuit reliefs.
Pressure Reducing Valve: Regulates

maximum hydraulic pressure that can be
applied to a circuit or component. The
pilot line that shifts the valve is connected
to the outlet port, once the output
reaches max pressure the valve is closed.

Valves
Anti Cavitation Valve: This valve is

used in motor circuits and help prevent
the circuit from starving for oil when
operating at full speed. Anti-Cavitation
Valves are used to prevent cavitation
caused by insufficient oil being
available during an overrunning
condition. Tank back pressure unseats
the poppet in the valve enabling oil
returning from the actuator to be
directed from the tank passage to the
pressure port to provide makeup flow.

Valves
Holding Valve: The primary function

of the holding valve is to trap the oil on
the piston side of the cylinder when
the cylinder is extended. They also
trap the oil in the piston side of the
cylinder in case of a hose failure when
the cylinder is extended.
Holding Valve with Thermal Relief:

The holding valve has the same function
as a normal holding valve but also has
protection against thermal expansion.

Valves
Counterbalance Valve: Normally

used in the swing circuit, these valves
are shifted with pilot oil and their main
function is to help trap oil on both sides
of the motor to prevent drifting and
also cavitation in the circuit.
Example – Counterbalance Valve

Valves
Pilot Operated Check Valve: Also

know as a “Unloader Valve”. The pilot
operated check valve requires pilot
hydraulic pressure to unseat the one
way check valve to allow the oil to
escape from the return side of the
circuit. This valve is not adjustable.
Example: Grove Outrigger Circuit

Valves
Flow Divider: Regulates oil flow

to separate circuits.
9 17
GPM
GPM
26 GPM Supply

Valves
Treadle Valve: Also called brake

valves, some motor circuits use a
manually operated hydraulic or
pneumatic brake valve to apply the
brake. This application is typically
used when the motor circuit is in a
“Free Swing” condition.
Sequence Valve: A sequence valve

is a normally closed pressure control
valve that ensures that one operation
will occur before another, based on
pressure.

Fixed Displacement Motors
Fixed Displacement Motors are used to

convert the working energy of the
hydraulic system into mechanical energy.
Normally used in Swing or Hoisting
circuits, these motors can be Vane, Gear
or Piston type. Output speed of these style
motors is proportional to the input flow.
The symbol shown to the right represents
a bi-directional fixed displacement motor.

Variable Displacement Motors
A Variable Displacement motor includes

an output drive shaft, a rotatable
cylinder barrel having multiple piston
bores, pistons disposed in the bores, a
swashplate, and a valve plate. The
pistons reciprocate within the piston
bores to produce a pumping action.
Each piston bore is subject to intake
and discharge pressures during each
revolution of the cylinder barrel. The
pumping action by the pistons rotates
the cylinder barrel and the output drive
shaft, thereby providing a motor torque
output. Changing the angle of the
swashplate changes the displacement of
the motor making it variable.

Hydraulic Brakes
Typically used in motor circuits,

Grove uses hydraulic brakes that are
spring applied and hydraulically
released.
Example: RT700E Swing

Cylinders
Single Acting Cylinder: This cylinder can

be extended hydraulically or pneumatically
depending on the application. The cylinder
is retracted utilizing a spring.
Double Acting Cylinder: This style

cylinder is extended and retraced
hydraulically.
Double Acting Multi Stage Cylinder:

This cylinder has two stages that is
extended and retraced hydraulically.
It’s design eliminates the need for two
individual cylinders.

Cylinders
Trombone Cylinder: The trombone

cylinder is some four section synchronized
sequenced booms.
The design allows for one controller
operation of extension and retraction of the
boom sections The cylinder barrel moves
the inner-mid out until it is fully extended.
By way of a sequence valve, the oil flow is
then routed to a double acting cylinder
which extends the outer mid and at the
same time the fly section by use of cables.

Switches
Pressure Switch: Used to sense

hydraulic pressure for the purpose of
energizing electrical components such as
relay coils or indicator lights.
Temperature Switch: An electric

switch that senses hydraulic oil
temperature and be used to turn on an
indicator light or cooling fan.
Pressure Transducer: A switch that

converts hydraulic pressure into an analog
electrical signal. Pressure applied to the
pressure transducer produces a deflection of
the diaphragm which introduces strain, the
strain will produce an electrical resistance
change proportional to the pressure.

Accumulators
Accumulators are used to store hydraulic

energy. This stored energy can be used to
develop system flow or absorb system shock
or pressure spikes. Most accumulators are
charged with a nitrogen gas.
Example: Tandem Brake Valve

Hydraulic Controllers
Pilot Operated Joystick: Models with

hydraulic pilot operated control valves
use hydraulic pilot operated controllers
or joysticks to shift the control valve
spool for crane functions.


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Grove Manitowoc National Crane Potain

The following crane schematic symbol study guide has been

Grove Manitowoc National Crane Potain

Working Line: Supply line or Return line

Connector Point: Branch lines

Lines Crossing: A line crossing over

Dashed Line: Pilot Line oil flow.

Grove Manitowoc National Crane Potain

Dotted Line: Case drain or load

Blocked Line: A plug or plugged

Quick Disconnect: Connection point

Gauge Port: A gauge port is an

Grove Manitowoc National Crane Potain

Orifice: An in line fixed restriction that

Variable Orifice: An in line fixed

Gate Valve: Used to open or close

Grove Manitowoc National Crane Potain

An Enclosure or Chain Line is used to

Example – Swing / Flow Divider Valve

Grove Manitowoc National Crane Potain

Reservoirs are not just used for

Grove Manitowoc National Crane Potain

Hydraulic Filters are used to filter

Grove Manitowoc National Crane Potain

Hydraulic Filters with a Bypass

Grove Manitowoc National Crane Potain

Hydraulic Oil Coolers are used to

Oil Cooler with Bypass Valve

Grove Manitowoc National Crane Potain

Pump Drive: The power source for the

Pump Disconnect: Normally installed

Grove Manitowoc National Crane Potain

A Fixed Displacement Pump is simply

Grove Manitowoc National Crane Potain

A Variable Displacement Pump works

Grove Manitowoc National Crane Potain

The Hydraulic Swivel is designed to

Grove Manitowoc National Crane Potain

Directional control valves on Actuator

Grove Manitowoc National Crane Potain

Directional control valves with

Grove Manitowoc National Crane Potain

Four Way / Two Position

Grove Manitowoc National Crane Potain

Manually Operated: The spool is shifted

Pneumatic Operated: The spool is

Pilot Operated: The spool is shifted by

Electric Operated: The spool is shifted

Grove Manitowoc National Crane Potain

Mechanical Operated: The spool is

Treadle Operated: The spool is shifted

Push Button Operated: The spool is

Manually Operated with Detent: The spool

Grove Manitowoc National Crane Potain

One Way Two Position Solenoid:

Four Way Three Position Open Center:

the circuit. With the pump engaged and

returned to tank (T).

Grove Manitowoc National Crane Potain

Four Way Three Position Closed Center:

position, as shown here, traps the oil in the B

circuit. But unlike the open center valve, the

Four Way Three Position Motor Spool:

Grove Manitowoc National Crane Potain