QUALITY OF

SERVICE
Name: Lehana.Y.A
Roll no:21bai014
ADMISSION
CONTROL
 Admission control is used to manage
traffic and prevent congestion.
 A flow is a stream of packets from source
to destination. A user sends a flow along
with a QoS requirement to the network
 The network accepts or rejects the flow
according to its capacity.If it accepts, it
makes reservations at routers.
Reservations are made to prevent
congestion.Reservations are made at all
routers that are present on the route the
packets travel
 Many algorithms take the best single path between source to destination and sends all the data
on that path. But some flows may get rejected as that path does not have enough capacity.
 To solve this ‘QoS routing’ is used. Here it selects the best path that satisfies users
requirements. It is done by splitting data and sending it in multiple paths. A simple method is
where the router will choose paths of equal cost and divide data and send it through these
paths.
 Flow specification refers to the specific parameters of the flow. It is important for negotiation.
For Eg, A person watching a movie at 30 frames/sec will be ready to adjust and watch it at 25
frames/sec, if there is not enough bandwidth.
 Flow negotiation occurs between the sender, receiver and all the routers of that path.it is
important to define flow specification so that they can negotiate .
 A sender will provide a flow specification telling what all parameters it would like to use. Each
router will examine the parameter and modify it if needed. Modifications can only reduce not
increase. For eg, can only lower data rate not increase
• A token is a frame of data that is transmitted between data points. Token bucket rate and token bucket size refers to
maximum rate at which sender can transmit in a long interval and the largest burst it can send in a short interval
• Peak data rate is the fastest data transfer rate or maximum transmission rate
• Queuing Theory: It is used to find the mean delay of a packet. First portion is the service time when there is no
competition. Second portion is the slow down in service time when there is competition.

• Traffic source is where data comes from such as phone. ‘R’ is the bucket of tokens collected over time and
‘B’ is burst of data of the flow. The ‘token bucket’ controls how much data each flow can send. Router directs
the traffic and it contains ‘Weighted Fair Queue’(WFQ), which assigns weight to different flows. The router
makes decision based on traffic type,tokens and weight. Capacity is the amoun tof traffic it can send in output
link
 INTEGRATED SERVICE
 It is the architecture used for streaming multimedia. It includes unicast and
multicast. RSVP refers to resource reservation protocol. It is the part of architecture
that is visible to the users.
 This protocol is used for making reservations. It allows multiple senders to send to
multiple receivers and also allows receivers to change channels. For this it uses
‘MULTICAST ROUTING USING SPANNING TREES’
 Each group has a group address. If the sender wants to send to a group it puts the
groups address in its packets
• To avoid congestion, receiver sends reservation message to sender. This is done using
‘reverse path forwarding algorithm’.
• Hers packets trvel from host 1 to host 3,4 and 5, and similarly from host 2 to host 3,4,5
• Host 3 requests hosts 1 and 2 so it can watch two television programs at once.
 DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES
 It includes class based services. Here administrative domain consists of set of routers.
Administration defines set of service classes along with forwarding rules.
 Customer packets entering domain are differentiated into classes. The classes are also
called ‘per-hop behaviour’. It defines the treatment the packet will receive at each router.
For Eg, better service is given to packets with per-hop behaviour like premium service.
 This scheme does not require advance reservation or negotiation like integrated service.
 Another simple example of class based service is first class, economy class etc in airlines
 It involves two types of forwarding. They are 1) Expedited forwarding and 2)Assured
forwarding
 1)Expedited forwarding:-
 Packets are classified as ‘regular’ or ‘expedited’.Most of them are regular.
 Expedited package must transit the network as though no other packet is present as
disturbance, it should travel freely.
 This ensures low loss, low delay and less jitter.
 For Eg,VoiP packets are expedited packets
 Process of classifying packets is done by OS or Networking software
 2)Assured forwarding:-
 Here 4 priority classes are present. Each class has own resources.
 Top 3 classes are ‘gold’, ‘silver’, ‘bronze’. It also contains discard classes called ‘low’,
‘medium’,’high’ for packets that experience congestion.
 First the packets must be classifies into one of the 4 priority classes. Next discard
classes for each packet is found. This is done by sending packets of each priority class
through a traffic policer such as token bucket. Traffic policer allows all traffic but
classifies packets that fit within small bursts as ‘low discard’, packets that exceed
small bursts as ‘medium discard’ and packets that exceed large bursts as ‘high
discard’.
 Next combination of priority and discard class is encoded in each packet. Weighted
fair queue is used where higher classes are given higher weights. Higher classes get
more bandwidth
THANK
YOU