PHILOSOPHICAL AND ETHICAL

FOUNDATION OF VALUES
EDUCATION
PREPARED BY: CHARLENE ARELLANO
“VICTOR FRANKL AND
JOHN STUART MILL”
 VIKTOR FRANKL
• Died: September 2, 1997 Vienna,
Austria.
• Born: March 26, 1905.
• Viktor Emil Frankl was an Austrian
psychiatrist and Holocaust survivor,
who founded logotherapy, a school
of psychotherapy that describes a
search for a life's meaning as the
central human motivational force.
Logotherapy is part of existential and
humanistic psychology theories.
 LOGOTHERAPHY
• Logotherapy, or “healing through meaning” in
Greek, is the psychological theory developed
by Viktor Frankl. Based on his experiences as
a medical doctor, psychiatrist, neurologist,
and philosophy student, he formulated his
meaning-centered approach which promotes
freedom of choice and personal responsibility.
 THE PRIMARY TECHNIQUES OFFERED BY
LOGOTHERAPHY AND EXISTENTIAL
ANALYSIS ARE:
• Paradoxical intention: clients learn to overcome obsessions or anxieties by self-
distancing and humorous exaggeration.
• Dereflection: drawing the client's attention away from their symptoms, as
hyper-reflection can lead to inaction.
• Socratic dialogue and attitude modification: asking questions designed to help
a client find and pursue self-defined meaning in life.
• His acknowledgement of meaning as a central motivational force and factor in
mental health is his lasting contribution to the field of psychology. It provided
the foundational principles for the emerging field of positive psychology
 VIKTOR FRANKL PHILOSOPHY
•A person's ability to transcend their
environment was a central component of
Frankl's existential theory. Frankl stated
that the individual is the only one to decide
about the meaning of their life and that the
individual has to take responsibility for
creating and deciding its unique meaning.
VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE
• In Frankl's view, this duty is to be human, which
means to be spiritual, free, and responsible, self-
determinant in the values of one's own life and their
implementation. Frankl believes that human
nature is made so that man's conscience is able
to indicate his advance or failure in fulfilling his
main moral duty.
THREE CENTRAL VALUES IN
LIFE
• Creative values are what one finds by creating a work or doing a
deed.
• Experiential values are realized by experiencing something or
encountering someone.
• Attitudinal values are what a person discovers by the attitude
she/he takes toward unavoidable suffering. The author points out
that these three kinds of values have something in common:
connectedness or relationship
 JOHN STUART MILL

• Born: May 20, 1806 Pentonvile,

London,United kingdom
• Died: May 8,1873 Avignon, France.
• Philosopher, Economist, and Politician.
• Proponent of classical economic theory.
• Best known for his 1848 work, ”Principles of
Political Economy,” which become a
leading economic textbook for decades
after its publication.
JOHN STUART MILL
WORKS
 PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL
ECONOMY
Principles of Political Economy (1848),
which combines the disciplines of
philosophy and economics and advocates
that population limits and slowed
economic growth would be beneficial to
the environment and increase public goods.
 UTILITARIANISM
The ethical theory of John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) is most
extensively articulated in his classical text Utilitarianism
(1861). Its goal is to justify the utilitarian principle as the
foundation of morals. This principle says actions are right in
proportion as they tend to promote overall human happiness.
 Utilitarianism is a theory of morality that advocates actions
that foster happiness or pleasure and oppose actions that
cause unhappiness or harm. When directed toward making
social, economic, or political decisions, a utilitarian philosophy
would aim for the betterment of society as a whole.
 A SYSTEM OF LOGIC
 In this work, he formulated the five principles of
inductive reasoning that are known as Mill's Methods. This work
is important in the philosophy of science, and more generally,
insofar as it outlines the empirical principles Mill would use to
justify his moral and political philosophies.
 (a) the method of agreement,
(b) the method of difference,
 (c) the method of agreement and difference,
 (d) the method of residues,
 (e) the method of concomitant variation.
 ON LIBERTY
On Liberty (1859), which addresses the nature and limits of
the power that can be legitimately exercised by society over
the individual, introducing the harm principle and defending
free speech.
The main message of On Liberty is the importance of
individual freedom and the harm of societal interference.
 individuals ought to be free to do as they wished unless they
caused harm to others. Individuals are rational enough to
make decisions about their well-being. Government should
interfere when it is for the protection of society.
 THE SUBJECTION OF WOMEN
In The Subjection of Women, John Stuart
Mill argues both that the current state of
gender inequality is inherently wrong and
that it is prohibiting human flourishing.
Instead of men holding disproportionate
privilege and power, men and women
should be entirely equal.
THANK YOU