Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence,

where Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking

power", hence AI means "a man-made thinking power.“

SO WE CAN DEFINE AI AS

"It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent

machines which can behave like a human, think like humans, and able
to make decisions."
Why Artificial Intelligence?

• Before Learning about Artificial Intelligence, we should know that what is the importance of AI
and why should we learn it. Following are some main reasons to learn about AI:
• With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices which can solve real-world
problems very easily and with accuracy such as health issues, marketing, traffic issues, etc.
• With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual Assistant, such as Cortana, Google
Assistant, Siri, etc.
• With the help of AI, you can build such Robots which can work in an environment where
survival of humans can be at risk.
• AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new Opportunities.
Goals of Artificial Intelligence

An intelligent connection of
Replicate human intelligence Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
perception and action

Building a machine which can

perform tasks that requires
human intelligence such as:
• Proving a theorem
• Playing chess
• Plan some surgical operation
• Driving a car in traffic
Creating some system which can
exhibit intelligent behavior, learn
new things by itself, demonstrate,
explain, and can advise to its user.
To achieve the above
factors for a machine or
software Artificial
Intelligence requires the
following discipline:
 High Accuracy with less errors: AI
machines or systems are prone to
less errors and high accuracy as it
takes decisions as per pre-
experience or information.
Advantages High reliability: AI machines are
of Artificial
highly reliable and can perform the
same action multiple times with
high accuracy.
Intelligence
Digital Assistant: AI can be very
useful to provide digital assistant to
the users such as AI technology is
currently used by various E-
commerce websites to show the
products as per customer
requirement.
High-Speed: AI systems can be of
very high-speed and fast-decision
making, because of that AI systems
can beat a chess champion in the
Chess game.
Useful for risky areas: AI machines
can be helpful in situations such as
defusing a bomb, exploring the
ocean floor, where to employ a
human can be risky.
Useful as a public utility: As a self-
driving car , facial recognition for
security purpose, Natural language
processing to communicate with the
human in human-language, etc.
 High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as
it requires lots of maintenance to meet current world requirements.

Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with
AI, but still they cannot work out of the box, as the robot will only do that
work for which they are trained, or programmed.

Disadvantages No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer,

of Artificial but still it does not have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of
emotional attachment with human, and may sometime be harmful for
users if the proper care is not taken.

Intelligence Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of technology,

people are getting more dependent on devices and hence they are losing
their mental capabilities.

No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some

new ideas but still AI machines cannot beat this power of human
intelligence and cannot be creative and imaginative.
 Areas of AI and Some Dependencies
Knowledge Representation
Search Logic

Machine Learning
Planning

Expert Systems
NLP Vision Robotics
 What is Artificial Intelligence ?
• making computers that think?
• the automation of activities we associate with human thinking, like decision making,
learning ... ?
• the art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when
performed by people ?
• the study of mental faculties through the use of computational models ?
What is Artificial Intelligence ?
• the study of computations that make it possible to perceive, reason and act ?
• a field of study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent behaviour in terms
of computational processes ?
• a branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of
intelligent behaviour ?
• anything in Computing Science that we don't yet know how to do properly ? (!)
What is Artificial Intelligence ?

THOUGHT Systems that think Systems that think

like humans rationally

Systems that act Systems that act

BEHAVIOUR like humans rationally

HUMAN RATIONAL
 Systems that act like humans:
Turing Test
• “The art of creating machines that perform functions that require
intelligence when performed by people.” (Kurzweil)
• “The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the
moment, people are better.” (Rich and Knight)
 Systems that act like humans

?
• You enter a room which has a computer terminal. You have a fixed
period of time to type what you want into the terminal, and study
the replies. At the other end of the line is either a human being or
a computer system.
• If it is a computer system, and at the end of the period you cannot
reliably determine whether it is a system or a human, then the
system is deemed to be intelligent.
Systems that act like humans

• The Turing Test approach

• a human questioner cannot tell if
• there is a computer or a human answering his question, via teletype (remote
communication)
• The computer must behave intelligently
• Intelligent behavior
• to achieve human-level performance in all cognitive tasks
Systems that act like humans
• These cognitive tasks include:
• Natural language processing
• for communication with human
• Knowledge representation
• to store information effectively & efficiently
• Automated reasoning
• to retrieve & answer questions using the stored information
• Machine learning
• to adapt to new circumstances
The total Turing Test
• Includes two more issues:
• Computer vision
• to perceive objects (seeing)
• Robotics
• to move objects (acting)
What is Artificial Intelligence ?

THOUGHT Systems that think Systems that think

like humans rationally

Systems that act Systems that act

BEHAVIOUR like humans rationally

HUMAN RATIONAL
Systems that think like humans:
cognitive modeling
• Humans as observed from ‘inside’
• How do we know how humans think?
• Introspection vs. psychological experiments
• Cognitive Science
• “The exciting new effort to make computers think … machines with
minds in the full and literal sense” (Haugeland)
• “[The automation of] activities that we associate with human
thinking, activities such as decision-making, problem solving,
learning …” (Bellman)
What is Artificial Intelligence ?

THOUGHT Systems that think Systems that think

like humans rationally

Systems that act Systems that act

BEHAVIOUR like humans rationally

HUMAN RATIONAL
 Systems that think ‘rationally’
"laws of thought"
• Humans are not always ‘rational’
• Rational - defined in terms of logic?
• Logic can’t express everything (e.g. uncertainty)
• Logical approach is often not feasible in terms of computation time
(needs ‘guidance’)
• “The study of mental facilities through the use of computational
models” (Charniak and McDermott)
• “The study of the computations that make it possible to perceive,
reason, and act” (Winston)
What is Artificial Intelligence ?

THOUGHT Systems that think Systems that think

like humans rationally

Systems that act Systems that act

BEHAVIOUR like humans rationally

HUMAN RATIONAL
 Systems that act rationally:
“Rational agent”
• Rational behavior: doing the right thing
• The right thing: that which is expected to maximize goal
achievement, given the available information
• Giving answers to questions is ‘acting’.
• I don't care whether a system:
• replicates human thought processes
• makes the same decisions as humans
• uses purely logical reasoning
Systems that act rationally
• Study AI as rational agent –
2 advantages:
• It is more general than using logic only
• Because: LOGIC + Domain knowledge
• It allows extension of the approach with more scientific methodologies
• Artificial
• Produced by human art or effort, rather than originating naturally.
• Intelligence
• is the ability to acquire knowledge and use it" [Pigford and Baur]
• So AI was defined as:
• AI is the study of ideas that enable computers to be intelligent.
• AI is the part of computer science concerned with design of computer
systems that exhibit human intelligence(From the Concise Oxford Dictionary)
From the above two definitions, we can see that AI has two major
roles:
• Study the intelligent part concerned with humans.
• Represent those actions using computers.
Subsets of Artificial
Intelligence
 • Machine learning is a part of AI which provides
intelligence to machines with the ability to
automatically learn with experiences without being
explicitly programmed.
• It is primarily concerned with the design and
development of algorithms that allow the system to
Machine learn from historical data.
Learning • Machine Learning is based on the idea that
machines can learn from past data, identify
patterns, and make decisions using algorithms.
• Machine learning algorithms are designed in such a
way that they can learn and improve their
performance automatically.
• Machine learning helps in discovering patterns in
data.
 • Natural language processing is a subfield of
computer science and artificial intelligence. NLP
enables a computer system to understand and
process human language such as English.
• NLP plays an important role in AI as without NLP,
Natural AI agent cannot work on human instructions, but
with the help of NLP, we can instruct an AI system

Language
on our language. Today we are all around AI, and
as well as NLP, we can easily ask Siri, Google or
Cortana to help us in our language.
processing • Natural language processing application enables a
user to communicate with the system in their
own words directly.
• The Input and output of NLP applications can be
in two forms:
• Speech
• Text
 An expert system is an application of artificial intelligence. In artificial intelligence,
expert systems are the computer programs that rely on obtaining the knowledge of
human experts and programming that knowledge into a system.

Expert systems emulate the decision-making ability of human experts. These systems

Expert
are designed to solve the complex problem through bodies of knowledge rather than
conventional procedural code.

Systems
One of the examples of an expert system is a Suggestion for the spelling error while
typing in the Google search box.

Following are some characteristics of expert systems:

High performance Reliable Highly responsive Understandable

1. Learning
⮚ Similar to humans, computer programs also learn in different manners. Talking of AI,
learning by this platform is further segregated into a varied number of forms.

⮚ One of the essential components of ai, learning for AI includes the trial-and-error
method. The solution keeps on solving problems until it comes across the right results.

⮚ This way, the program keeps a note of all the moves that gave positive results and
stores it in its database to use the next time the computer is given the same problem.

⮚ The learning component of AI includes memorizing individual items like different

solutions to problems, vocabulary, foreign languages, etc., also known as rote learning.

⮚ This learning method is later implemented using the generalization method.

2. Reasoning
⮚ The art of reasoning was something that was only limited to humans until five decades ago. The
ability to differentiate makes Reasoning one of the essential components of artificial
intelligence.

⮚ To reason is to allow the platform to draw inferences that fit with the provided situation. Further,
these inferences are also categorized as either inductive or deductive.

⮚ The difference is that in an inferential case, the solution of a problem provides guarantees of
conclusion. In contrast, in the inductive case, the accident is always a result of instrument
failure.

⮚ The use of deductive interferences by programming computers has provided them with
considerable success. However, reasoning always involves drawing relevant inferences from the
3. Problem-solving
⮚ In its general form, the AI’s problem-solving ability comprises data, where the solution needs to
find x.

⮚ AI witnesses a considerable variety of problems being addressed in the platform.

⮚ The different methods of ‘Problem-solving’ count for essential artificial intelligence

components that divide the queries into special and general purposes.

⮚ In the situation of a special-purpose method, the solution to a given problem is tailor-made, often
exploiting some of the specific features provided in the case where a suggested problem is
embedded.

⮚ On the other hand, a general-purpose method implies a wide variety of vivid issues. Further, the
problem-solving component in AI allows the programs to include step-by-step reduction of
4. Perception
⮚ In using the ‘perception’ component of Artificial Intelligence, the element scans any given
environment by using different sense-organs, either artificial or real.

⮚ Further, the processes are maintained internally and allow the perceiver to analyze other
scenes in suggested objects and understand their relationship and features.

⮚ This analysis is often complicated as one, and similar items might pose considerable
amounts of different appearances over different occasions, depending on the view of the
suggested angle.

• At its current state, perception is one of those components of artificial intelligence that can
propel self-driving cars at moderate speeds. FREDDY was one of the robots at its earliest
stage to use perception to recognize different objects and assemble different artifacts
5. Language-understanding
⮚ In simpler terms, language can be defined as a set of different system signs that
justify their means using convention. Occurring as one of the widely used artificial
intelligence components, language understanding uses distinctive types of
language over different forms of natural meaning, exemplified overstatements.

⮚ One of the essential characteristics of languages is humans’ English, allowing us to

differentiate between different objects. Similarly, AI is developed in a manner that
it can easily understand the most commonly used human language, English.

⮚ This way, the platform allows the computers to understand the different computer
programs executed over them easily.
• AI DIMENSION
❖The philosophy of Al in three-
dimensional representations
consists in logic, cognition and
computation in the x-direction.
❖knowledge, reasoning and
interface in the y-direction.
❖The z—y plane is the foundation
of AI.
❖The z-direction consists of
correlated systems of physical
origin such as language, vision and
perception as shown in Figure 1.1
• The First Dimension (Core)

⮚ The theory of logic, cognition and computation constitutes the fusion factors for the
formation of one of the foundations on coordinate z-axis. Philosophy from its very inception
of origin covered all the facts, directions and dimensions of human thinking output.

⮚ Aristotle's theory of syllogistic, Descarri and Kant's critic of pure reasoning and contribution
of many other philosophers made knowledge-based on logic.

⮚ It were Charles Babbage and Boole who demonstrated the power of computation logic.

⮚ Although the modem philosophers such as Bertrand Russell correlated logic with
mathematics but it was Turing who developed the theory of computation for mechanization.

⮚ In the 1960s. Marvin Minsky pushed the logical formalism to integrate reasoning with
knowledge
• Cognition

⮚ Computers became so popular in a short span of time due to the simple reason that they
adapted and projected the Information Processing Paradigm (IPP) of human beings:
sensing organs as input, mechanical movement organs as output and the Central
Nervous System (CNS) in brain as control and computing devices, short-term and
long-term memory were not distinguished by computer scientists but, as a whole, it was
in conjunction, termed merry.

• Computation

⮚ The theory of computation developed by Turing—finite state automation—was a

turning point in mathematical model to logical computational. Chomsky's linguistic
computational theory generate a model for stactic analysis through a regular grammar
• The Second Dimension

⮚ The second dimension contains knowledge, reasoning and interface which are the
components of knowledge-based system (KBS).

⮚ Knowledge can be logical. it may be processed as information which is subject to further

computation.

⮚ This means that any item on the y-axis is correlated with any item on the z-axis to make
the foundation of any item on the z-axis.

⮚ Knowledge and reasoning are difficult to prioritize, which occurs first: whether
knowledge is formed first and then reasoning is performed or as reasoning is present,
knowledge is formed. Interface is a means of communication between one domain to
another. Here, it connotes a different concept then tire user's interface.
• The Third Dimension

⮚ The third dimension leads to the orbital or peripheral entities, which are built
on the foundation of x-y place and revolve around these for development.

⮚ The entities include an information system. NLP, for example, is formed on

the basis of the linguistic computation theory of Chomsky and concepts of
interface and knowledge on y-direction.

⮚ Similarly, vision has its basis on sorry computational model such as

clustering, pattern recognition computing models and image processing
algorithms on the x-direction and knowledge of the domain on the y-diction
History of Artificial Intelligence
❖Artificial Intelligence is not a new word and not a new
technology for researchers.

❖This technology is much older than you would imagine.

❖Even there are the myths of Mechanical men in Ancient Greek

and Egyptian Myths.

❖Following are some milestones in the history of AI which defines

the journey from the AI generation to till date development.
• Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)

❖Year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by Warren
McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They proposed a model of artificial neurons.
❖Year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the
connection strength between neurons. His rule is now called Hebbian learning.
❖Year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and pioneered
Machine learning in 1950. Alan Turing publishes "Computing Machinery and
Intelligence" in which he proposed a test. The test can check the machine's ability
to exhibit intelligent behaviour equivalent to human intelligence, called a Turing
test.
Types of Artificial Intelligence:
AI type-1: Based on Capabilities
 Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with
intelligence.The most common and currently available AI is Narrow AI
in the world of Artificial Intelligence.

Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only

trained for one specific task. Hence it is also termed as weak AI.
Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable ways if it goes beyond its limits.
Weak AI or
Narrow AI: Apple Siriis a good example of Narrow AI, but it operates with a limited
pre-defined range of functions.

IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under Narrow AI, as it uses

an Expert system approach combined with Machine learning and
natural language processing.

Some Examples of Narrow AI are playing chess, purchasing suggestions

on e-commerce site, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image
recognition.
General AI:

General AI is a type of intelligence which could perform any intellectual

task with efficiency like a human.

The idea behind the general AI to make such a system which could be
smarter and think like a human by its own.

Currently, there is no such system exist which could come under general
AI and can perform any task as perfect as a human.

The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines

with General AI.

As systems with general AI are still under research, and it will take lots of
efforts and time to develop such systems.
 Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at
which machines could surpass human
intelligence, and can perform any task better
than human with cognitive properties. It is an
outcome of general AI.

Super AI: Some key characteristics of strong AI include

capability include the ability to think, to
reason,solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan,
learn, and communicate by its own.

Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of

Artificial Intelligence. Development of such
systems in real is still world changing task.
 1. Reactive Machines

Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence.

Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future actions.

Type-2: These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best action.

Based on IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines.

functionality Google's AlphaGo is also an example of reactive machines.

2. Limited Memory

Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a short period of time.

These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.

Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems. These cars can store recent
speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars, speed limit, and other information to navigate the road.
 3. Theory of Mind AI should understand the human
emotions, people, beliefs, and be able to interact socially
like humans.
This type of AI machines are still not developed, but
Theory of researchers are making lots of efforts and improvement for
developing such AI machines.
Mind 4. Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence.
&Self- These machines will be super intelligent, and will have their
own consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness.
Awareness These machines will be smarter than human mind.

Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a

hypothetical concept.
• KNOWLEDGE AND KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS

⮚ In philosophy, abstract terms are given with their manifestations rather than
definitions.

⮚ Physical systems are well defined, functional entities are well illustrated but
entities combined, or being constituted with functional attributes, abstraction and
functionalism are mainly manifested and illustrated.

⮚ Knowledge combines abstraction and functionalism.

⮚ Thinking and learning are the abstraction of mental activities;

⮚ speech, vision and movement are the functional activities whereas

⮚ information and knowledge are the compound entities made of abstraction

• Knowledge in Philosophy
⮚ Knowledge in philosophy is addressed primarily by two eminent scholars of thoughts: one
says knowledge is what one experiences, whereas the other says what one reasons out is
knowledge.

⮚ It was German philosopher Immanuel Kant who combined both the concepts and proposed
that knowledge is made of experience and reasoning, and what the sensing organs perceive is
an experience.

⮚ In the right, if one sees (perceives) a humanlike structure then they may say that it is a man or
woman. If it neither moves nor produces any symptom or signals which emanates from
human beings, the» the person is compelled to think or reason out something else.

⮚ They may conclude with some reasoning that it is a statue. Thus, declaration of the structure
• Knowledge in Science
⮚ The scientific community has not paid much attention and devotion towards formulation of
knowledge as they have paid to other entries.

⮚ Medical science in general and neuroscience and neurology in particular have worked out the
changes in the architectural feature of neurons.

⮚ Neurons are the entities in brain which change their signal or voltage level of excitation and their
interconnection according to the modalities of the stimuli as well as some internal processes,
pertaining to thinking or cognitive activities.

⮚ The excitation level of neurons encodes information and does the coding, i.e. encoding (writing) and
decoding (reading) contribute to the knowledge.

⮚ The research and education in neurophysiology which contribute to the understanding of encoding
and decoding has generated the computation model of brain on the basis of artificial neural networks
• Knowledge in Engineering
⮚ Engineering emphasizes the implementation of the scientific outcome through its
principle of approximation.
⮚ The ANN is a data prone model of computation, which manipulates data pertaining to
knowledge in a particular domain.
⮚ The development of a symbol is a knowledge prone computational model
implemented on AI-based symbolic machine. Engineering has transformed the data-
based computation to knowledge-based computation.
⮚ In engineering, knowledge is not defined as in philosophy, but knowledge is coded
into numeric terms and then numeric terms or knowledge information is transformed
to knowledge through heuristics and algorithms.
⮚ Thus, engineering is concerned with transformation of data to knowledge and vice
versa through mathematical, heuristics and algorithms steps either individually or in
combination.
• KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS (KBS)

❖ KBS are computer programs that utilize artificial intelligence (AI) and a base of
knowledge in order to solve complex problems.

❖ KBS is a broad term that encompasses many different systems, But, no matter
the specific system, there are always two key features: a store of knowledge and
a reasoning system.

❖ The store of knowledge gives the relevant facts that allow the reasoning system
to ingest new knowledge and make decisions based on the sum of its
knowledge.
• KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS (KBS)

❖ This type of system often relies on if-then rules, but can also use other systems
such as logic programming and constraint handling rules.

❖ Typically, KBS are very focused on certain domains, but can quickly complete
analyses that are within their range.

❖ There are two types of knowledge bases that may be used in a KBS. The
knowledge-based system itself has to do with the system architectures, it knows
knowledge explicitly rather than as code to be processed.
• KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS (KBS)

❖ Expert systems, on the other hand, refers to systems that can assist or replace a
human expert for complex tasks that generally require an expert knowledge
level. Early knowledge-based systems were most often rule based expert
systems that relied on human experts to assist in the analysis, though as AI has
expanded, the need for human experts has decreased.

❖ The reasoning system in knowledge-based systems is generally an inference

engine.
• KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS (KBS)

❖ Inference engines were, in many ways, the precursor to modern personal

computing, as they allowed access to expert knowledge and problem solving.
Inference engines provide logical rules based on existing knowledge bases in
order to understand and process new information.

❖ These engines can process big data in real time to allow the most up-to-date
information to be easily accessed. Inference engines can be used to classify data,
or to update information as it is processed.
• Knowledge based systems include:
1. Medical diagnosis systems: There are systems, such as Mycin, one of the original KBS, that can
help with disease diagnoses. By inputting information or answering a series of questions, such
programs can identify likely diagnoses (and include a confidence rating around the diagnosis) as
well as make recommendations for treatment plans.
2. Eligibility analysis systems: By answering guided questions, it is possible to figure out if a person
is eligible for a particular service. When determining eligibility, a system would ask questions
until it receives an answer that is processed as disqualifying, and could then communicate it to the
individual, all without needing the involvement of a third-party person.
3. Blackboard systems: In comparison with other KBS, a blackboard system relies heavily on
updates from human experts. As part of solving a problem, a diverse group will work together to
find the best solution. As each person works on the problem, they will update the blackboard with
the partial solution, until it is finally completed.
4. Classification systems: KBS can also be used to analyse different data in order to figure out its
classification status. For example, information could be inputted to determine different chemical
compounds by analysing their mass spectra and chemical components.
AI IN THE FUTURE

⮚ In the special issue of JACM-January, 2tJD3, three stalwarts (pioneers) in the

area of artificial intelligence envisaged the direction and dimension of the
movement of AI methodology for tin next half a century.
• The areas of the development were:
1. logical approach,
2. non-monotonic reasoning,
3. frame qualification, and interface design,
4. semantic markers, and
5. intelligent computer
Following are the potential specific dots on the above topic of research.

⮚ The ramification process involves the implicit specification that does not
change when an event occurs, and

⮚ The qualification problem involves elaborating sufficient conditions for an

event to have its normal effect (Shanahan, 1997).

⮚ The major work in logical AI on facts about action and change is for discrete
logic, i.e. logical approach which is concerned with the incorporation of
humanlike Al and the methods tn extract the human like performance to the
machine, i.e. personification of machines.
• Interface Design of CS

⮚ The human—computer interface design involves computer graphics, sound

synthesis, speech synthesis, speech recognition and haptics.

⮚ These aspects of interface have already been developed and designed with the
established methodology.

⮚ But the movie of integration of chess functional entries for human perception,
cognition and factors that transform these bodily affairs to a minimum. It
involves the physics and physiology of perception rather than the computational
model and engineering design.
1. .
Application of AI
• 1. AI in Astronomy
o Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI technology can
be helpful for understanding the universe such as how it works, origin, etc.
• 2. AI in Healthcare
o In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the healthcare industry and
going to have a significant impact on this industry.
o Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than humans. AI can
help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are worsening so that medical help can
reach to the patient before hospitalization.
• 3. AI in Gaming
o AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic games like chess, where
the machine needs to think of a large number of possible places.
• 4. AI in Finance
o AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance industry is
implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine learning
into financial processes.
• 5. AI in Data Security
o The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing very
rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure. Some
examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform,are used to determine software bug and cyber-
attacks in a better way.
• 6. AI in social media
o Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user
profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI can organize
and manage massive amounts of data. AI can analyze lots of data to identify the latest
trends, hashtag, and requirement of different users.
• 7. AI in Travel & Transport
o AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of doing various
travel related works such as from making travel arrangement to suggesting the hotels,
flights, and best routes to the customers. Travel industries are using AI-powered chatbots
which can make human-like interaction with customers for better and fast response.
• 8. AI in Automotive Industry
o Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user for
better performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual
assistant.
o Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can
make your journey more safe and secure.
• 9. AI in Robotics:
o Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots are
programmed such that they can perform some repetitive task, but with the help of AI,
we can create intelligent robots which can perform tasks with their own experiences
without pre-programmed.
o Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent
Humanoid robot named as Erica and Sophia has been developed which can talk and
behave like humans.
• 10. AI in Entertainment
o We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some entertainment services such
as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI algorithms, these services show the recommendations for
programs or shows.
• 11. AI in Agriculture
o Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and time for best result. Now a day's
agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this field. Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture
robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive analysis. AI in agriculture can be very helpful for farmers.
• 12. AI in E-commerce
o AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is becoming more demanding in the
e-commerce business. AI is helping shoppers to discover associated products with recommended size,
color, or even brand.
• 13. AI in education:
o AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI chatbot can communicate with
students as a teaching assistant.
o AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be accessible easily at any
time and any place.
Logic and Computation
Historical Development of Logic and Computation