SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING

MOMENTS OF A SHIP

Understanding Hogging and Sagging

By Shreyansh Puri
2353813098
 SHEAR FORCE

• Shear force is the force applied perpendicular to the

longitudinal axis of the ship.
• It represents the internal resistance of the ship's
structure to shear stress.
• Shear force varies along the length of the ship due to
different loading conditions.
 BENDING MOMENT

• Bending moment is the torque applied to the ship's hull.

• It causes the ship to bend or flex.
• Bending moment is a result of the combination of forces acting on the ship,
such as weight distribution and external forces like waves and wind.
• The result of vertical forces acting on a ship as a result of local differences
between weight and buoyancy.
• The total of these forces should be zero, otherwise change of draft will occur.
• At sea, the bending moment will change as a result of wave impact which than
periodically changes the buoyancy distribution.
 HOGGING

• Hogging occurs when the ship's midsection bends upward and the ends of the
ship dip downward.
• It typically happens when the ship is loaded unevenly, with more weight
towards the ends and less weight in the middle.
• Hogging can lead to structural damage, especially in older or poorly designed
ships.
 SAGGING

• Sagging is the opposite of hogging, where the ship's midsection sags downward
and the ends rise.
• It occurs when there is more weight in the middle of the ship compared to the
ends.
• Sagging can also result from heavy seas or improper loading conditions,
potentially causing structural issues.
 LOADING CONDITIONS LEADING TO
HOGGING AND SAGGING

• Uneven distribution of cargo, with heavier cargo towards the ends of the ship,
can lead to hogging.
• Similarly, excessive weight in the middle portion of the ship compared to the
ends can cause sagging. (PICTURE 1)
• Environmental factors such as rough seas or strong winds can exacerbate
hogging or sagging tendencies. (PICTURE 2)