ASSESSMENT OF

CHRONIC KIDNEY
DISEASES
Assessment of nutritional status
Submitted to Group No
Sir Hasham Five

Department Semester
BS-HND Three
 Submitted by

Iffa Eeman
Minahil Naveed
Tooba Shafique
Hajra Khursheed
Maryam Rani
Rabeeza Farooq
 Contents
Anthropemetric assessment

Biochemical assessment

Clinical assessment

Dietary assessment
Introduction
 Chronic Kidney Diseases
Chronic Kidney Diseases or CKD is a condition where the kidneys gradually lose
their function over time. It can be caused by various factors like high blood
pressure, diabetes, or long term use of certain medications.
A chronic disease is a long term health condition that persists over an extended
period of time. Unlike acute illnesses that come and go, chronic disease often
require ongoing management and care.
Assessment is an ABCD method, which stands for Anthropometric, Biochemical,
Clinical, Dietary assessment.
Anthropometric assessment involves measuring and evaluating physical
characteristics like height, weight, and body composition.
Biochemical assessment involves analysing blood and urine samples to assess
nutrient levels and overall health
Clinical assessment involves examining signs and symptoms of nutrirentonal
deficiencies or imbalances.
Lastly, Dietary assessment involves analysing an individual’s food intake to
evaluate their nutrient intake and dietary pattern.
 01
Anthropometric
assessment
Body composition refers to the proportions of fat, muscle, bone, and other tissues in
the body. For CKD patients, maintaining a healthy body composition is important for
managing the condition and overall well-being. Here are a few key aspects to consider:
● Weight Management: CKD patients may need to manage their weight to prevent
complications. This involves maintaining a healthy weight range based on
individual factors such as age, gender, and height.
● Muscle Mass: Preserving muscle mass is crucial for CKD patients, as it supports
overall strength and functionality. Regular exercise and adequate protein intake can
help maintain or increase muscle mass.
● Body Fat Percentage: While having some
body fat is normal and necessary, excess
body fat can contribute to health issues.
Your healthcare provider can help
determine a healthy body fat percentage
based on your specific needs.
These recommendations can vary for each
individual, and it's important to work closely
with your healthcare team to develop a
personalized plan that suits your specific
situation.
 02
Biochemical
assessment
 Diagnosis
Checking for CKD is easy with two simple tests:
 A Blood test known as the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)
 A Urine test known as the urine albumin-creatinine ratio(uACR)

Both tests are needed to have a clear picture of your kidney health. Having
an eGFR under 60 and/or a uACR over 30 for three months or more is a sign
you may have kidney disease.
 Essential Tests
Blood Urea
Nitrogen(BUN) Electrolyte levels Serum Albumin
Elevated levels suggest impaired Including sodium, potassium, Low levels may indicate
kidney function, but it can also be and bicarbonate levels, which malnutrition and kidney
affected by other factors other may be imbalanced due to dysfunction
than kidney health kidney dysfunction.
Serum Phosphorus and
calcium
Imbalance can occur due
to CKD, leading to bone
disorders.

Urinalysis
To detect proteinuria,
hematuria,and other
abnormalities.
 03
Clinical
Assessment
 Signs and symptoms
Many people living with CKD do not have any symptoms until the more
advanced stages or complications develop. If symptoms do happen, they may
include:
 Foamy urine
 Urinating( peeing) more often or less often than usual
 Itchy and dry skin
 Feeling tired
 Nausea
 Loss of appetite
 Weight loss without trying to lose weight
 Signs and symptoms
People who have more advanced stages of CKD may also
notice:
 Trouble concentrating
 Numbness or swelling in your arms, legs, ankles, or
feet
 Achy muscles or cramping
 Shortness of breath
 Vomiting
 Trouble sleeping
 Breath smells like ammonia ( also described as urine
like or fishy)
 04
Dietary
assessment
 Dietary intake data may be assessed either by collecting retrospective intake data (e.g., a 24- hour recall
or food frequency questionnaire)
OR
By summarizing prospective intake data (e.g., a food record kept for a number of days by an individual or
the caretaker).
Methods are
1. Food Record/Food Diary
2. Food Frequency Questionnaire
3. 24-hour Dietary Recall
If an individual has CKD, doctors typically recommend reducing their intake of potassium, phosphorus,
and sodium to help manage the condition. The dietary restrictions depend on the stage of the disease.
Food Frequency Questionnaire
The food frequency questionnaire is a retrospective review of intake based on
frequency (i.e., food consumed per day, per week, or per month).
Because the focus is the frequency of consumption of food groups without
portion sizes, the information obtained is general, not specific, and cannot be
applied to certain nutrients.
This information helps pinpoint foods and food groups, and therefore nutrients,
that may be excessive or deficient in the diet.
Although there is a long list of foods that are best to avoid on a renal diet, there is also a wide range of
foods that people can eat without affecting their kidney health.
Foods to avoid Kidney-friendly foods

Canned foods, Processed foods, Bran cereals, Apples, Grapes, Berries,

oatmeal, Whole wheat bread , Brown rice,
chips, and crackers, Dark-coloured drinks,
Potatoes, spinach, Tomatoes, Pickles, olives,
Bananas, Oranges , Avocados, Dried fruits,
Dairy , Processed meats
Pineapple, Strawberries, Cauliflower,
Lettuce, Onions, peppers, Radishes, Egg plant,
Turnip, Unsalted crackers , White
bread , Beef , Chicken, Egg, Unsalted
seafood, White rice and Unsalted popcorn.
 24 hours Dietary Recall
The 24-hour recall method of data collection requires individuals to remember the
specific foods and amounts of foods they consumed in the past 24 hours.
Concurrent use of food frequency questionnaires with 24-hour recalls or food
diaries (i.e., doing a cross-check) improves the accuracy of dietary intake data
 Food Diary
• The food diary is usually completed by the individual client. A food diary or record is
usually most accurate if the food and amounts eaten are recorded at the time of
consumption, minimizing error from incomplete memory or attention.
• The dietary considerations for CKD patients are that you may need to make changes to
your diet when you have chronic kidney disease (CKD).
• These changes may include limiting fluids, eating a low-protein diet, limiting salt,
potassium, phosphorous, and other electrolytes, and getting enough calories if you are
losing weight
 Food diary and reflection
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun

Breakfast

Lunch

Dinner

Snack

Total cal
 Specific method for CKD
ABCD for chronic kidney disease :
In a shorter time we can assess while a person has CKD if we get to know.
Serum Albumin ,Blood pressure , Creatinine , Diabetes
 Albumin urea: Early signs of fatigue or back pain .If test indicates level more than 30 it's a red
sign.
 Blood pressure: If you always have a high blood pressure it can damage the blood vessels in
kidney and can lead to CKD.
 Creatinine : High level of creatinine is also a big sign of CKD .
 Diabetes: If a person has been a patient of diabetes for a long time it is very common for him to
be exposed to CKD .
Eating Right for Chronic Kidney Disease
You may need to change what you eat to manage your
chronic kidney disease (CKD). The steps below will
help you eat right as you manage your kidney disease.
 Choose and prepare foods with less sodium
 Eat the right amount and the right types of protein
 Choose foods that are healthy for your heart
 Choose foods and drinks with less phosphorus
 Choose foods with the right amount of potassium