ETHICS OF

RESEARCH
 What is ethics of research &
Why is it important?
1.Ethics provide the pursuit of knowledge,truth,and credibility. it is also fosters
values that are essential to collaborate work .Research often involves a great deal of
cooperation and coordination among people in different fields of disciplines. The
important values include trust, accountability, nutual respect, and fairness.

2.Many of the ethical norms ensure that researchers are held accountable to the
public.
3.Adherence to ethical principles helps build public support for research. People are
more likely to fund research studies promotes a variety of important moral and
social values such as social responsibility,human rights,animal welfare, and health
safety.
 ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES
FOR RESEARCH
1. Honesty - honesty report data, results, methods and procedures and publication
status. Do not fabricate, falsify o misrepresent data.

2. Objectivity - strive to avoid bias in expiremental design, data analysis, data

interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing , expert testemony,
and other aspect of research.

3. Integrety - keep your promises and agreements;act with sencerity;strive for

consistency of thought and action.
4.Carefulness - Avoid careless errors and niglegence; carefully and critically
examine your own work and the work of your peers. Keep good record of
research activities.

5. Openness - share data, results, ideas, tools, resources.Be open to new

criticism and new ideas.

6.Respect for intellectual property - Honor parents, copyrights and other

forms of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or
result without permission. Give credit where credit is due.Never plagiarize.
7. Confidentiality - Protect confidential communications, such as papers or
grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and
patient record.

8.Responsible publication - published in order to advance research and

scholarship, not to advance just your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative
publication.

9.Responsible mentoring - Help to educate, mentor, and advise students.

promote their welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.

10 - Respect for colleagues - Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly.
11. Social responsibility - Social good should be promoted and social harm should be
avoided.

12. Non discrimination - all those eligible to participate in research should be allow to do so.

13. Competence - profesional competence and expertise should be maintain and improve
with the research

14. Legality - A researcher should know and obey relevant laws, and institutional and
goverment policies.

15. Human subject protection - Harms and risks to human lives should be minimized human
dignity, privacy, and autonomy should be among the primary considerations of the research.
 RIGHTS OF RESEARCH
PARTICIPANTS
1. VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION - Any person should not be coerced to
participate in any research undertaking.

2. INFORMED CONSENT - Prospective research participants must be fully

informed about the procedures and risks involved in the research. Their
consent to participate must be secured

3.RISKS OF HARM - Participants should be protected from physical,

financial, or psychological harm. The principle of non mileficience states that
it is the researchers duty to avoid, prevent, or the minimized harm to the
participants of the study.
 RIGHTS OF RESEARCH
PARTICIPANTS
4. CONFIDENTIALITY- Participants must be assured that their identity and
other personal information will not be made available to anyone who is not
directly involved in the study.

5. ANONYMITY - The participants must remain anonymous throughout the

study even to the research themeselves
 ETHICAL STANDARS IN
RESEARCH WRITING
1. Findings should be reported with complete honesty.

2. Inventinal misinterpretation, misinformation, and misleading claims must

be avoided.

3. Appropriate credit should be given when using other peoples work.

4. plagiarism should be avoided by fully acknowkedging all content

belonging to others.
 PLAGIARISM AND INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY
1.Claiming authorship of a work or creation done by another person.

2. Copying an entire written work or a portion of it- including words, sentences,and ideas - without
acknowledging the author.

3.Failing to put quotation marks to distinguish a quotation taken directly from a source.

4.Giving incorrect information about the source of a qoutatin.

5. Merely changing the words but retaining the sentence structure so that the selection or qoutes still bears
resemblance to the original source.

6.Using so many words and ideas from the original source that it makes up a large portion of your work, even
if you acknowledge the original author.
 PLAGIARISM AND INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY
Plagiarism should not be tolerated as the authorized use of original ideas and works constitutes a
violation of intellectual property rights.The world intellectual property organization has the following
definition of intellectual property.

In the philipines, intellectual property is protected by Republic Act 8293 or the Intellectual Property
Code of the Philipines.

Works: "published works" means works, which the consent of the authors, are made available to the
public by wire or wireless means such a way that members of the public may access these works from
a place and time individually choosen by them: provided, that availability of such copies has been
such,as to satisfy the reasonable requirements of the public, having regard to the nature of the work....
Furthermore, the code also states the following provisions reagrding copyright
ownership.

178.1 - Subject to the provisions of this section, in the case of original literary and artistic
work, copyright shall belong to the author work;

178.2 - In the case of work of joint authorship, the co-authors shall be the original owners of
the copyright, and in the absence of aggrement, their rights shall be governed by rules on co
ownership.
If,however,a work of joint authorship consist of parts that can be use seperately and the
author of each part can be identified, the author of each part shall be the original owner of
the copyright in the part that he has created.
 FOLLOWING TIPS TO AVOID PLAGIARISM

1. Sufficient time should be alloted for writing.

2. Hard copies of all the relevant references should be collected.

3. All references should be read carefully and its important parts should be highlighted.

4.Sufficient attribution should be placed when using the idea of the others.

5. Lines with factual details are to be referenced.

6.The appropriateness of inserting references should be determined.

7.Written permission should be acquired for text and figures copied from other sources
 FOLLOWING TIPS TO AVOID PLAGIARISM

8. All the text should be paraphrased that is, written by the author in his or her own language

9. Copying and pasting text from sources while writing should be avoided.If one is not good
at typing, he or she can request assistance from a typist.

10. Before submitting an article, all files, figures,and references should be prepared in
accordance to the prescribed standards.
 FAIR USE
The law, however, recognizes certain situations where the use of copyrighted
content is acceptable and constitutes "fair use" of intellectual property. The
intellectual property code identifies the following as acceptable use of
intellectual property:

1. Use of works in the "public domain" An intellectual property is considered to

be in the public domain once the rights of the author have lapsed after a period
defined by law (50 years after the death of the author).

2. Use a copyrighted work for criticism, comment, news repoting, teaching and
classroom use, scholarship and research, and other similar porpusese.
 FAIR USE
The law, however, recognizes certain situations where the use of copyrighted
content is acceptable and constitutes "fair use" of intellectual property. The
intellectual property code identifies the following as acceptable use of
intellectual property:

3. Reproduction of work as part of reports on current news which is broadcast

to the public.

4. Use of works and materials from the goverment and its various branches,
departments, and offices, provided that permission for use is acquired.
Thank You