PRACTICAL

RESEARCH 1
 INQUIRY VS.
RESEARCH
Inquiry is a term that is synonymous with the word
“investigation”. When you inquire or investigate, you tend to ask
questions to probe or examine something to request for truth,
information, or knowledge.
Research is the systematic and objective creation of knowledge
(with a system or method, the scientific method), objective (no
bias, all angles presented), knowledge creation (a creative
process)
DIRECTION:
WHAT MAKES THESE IMAGES A PORTRAYAL OF WHAT RESEARCH IS?
WRITE YOUR REFLECTION ON THE RIGHT SPACE OF THE IMAGE
1.

2.

3.

4.
ASSESSMENT
ASSESSMENT

B. Underline the words in the box that are related to the definition of research
ASSESSMENT
 WHAT ARE THESE ETHICS IN
1.
RESEARCH?
Informed Consent. This is required to secure in
order protect the rights of the participants in
your study. Inform your participants about the 7.
criteria set for choosing them as informants and
the schedule of one-on one interview at the
convenient time they are available.
Participation to the study will be completely
voluntary.
2. 2. Honesty. It reports data, results, methods and
procedures, and publication status. Do not 8.
fabricate, falsify and misrepresent the data.
3. 3. Objectivity. Avoid bias in experimental
design, data analysis, data interpretation peer
review, personnel decisions, grant writing, 9.
expert testimony, and other aspects of research.
4. 4. Integrity. Keep your promises and
agreements; act with sincerity; strive for
consistency of thought and action. 10.
5. 5. Carefulness. Avoid careless errors and
negligence; carefully and critically examine
your work and the work of peers. Keep good
records of research activities. 11.
6. 6. Openness. Share data, results, ideas, tools
and resources. Be open to criticism and new
ideas.
7. Respect for Intellectual Property. Honour
patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets
and other forms of intellectual property. Do not
use published or unpublished data, methods, or 13.
results without permission. Give credit where
credit is due. Never plagiarize, fabricate and
falsify.
8. Confidentiality. Protect confidential
communications, such as papers or grants
submitted for publication, personnel records,
trade or military secrets, and patient records.
9. Responsible Mentoring. Help to educate,
mentor, and advise others. Promote their
welfare and allow them to make their own
decisions. 1
0. Responsible Publication. Publish in order to
advance research and scholarship, not to
advance your own career. Avoid wasteful and
duplicative publication. 16.
11. Respect for Colleagues. Respect your
colleagues’ opinion, treat them fairly and do not
outsmart others. 1
12. 2. Social responsibility. Strive to promote social
acceptance and prevent or mitigate social harms
through researchh, public education, and
advocacy.
13. Non-discrimination. Avoid discrimination
against colleagues or students on the basis of
sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not
related to their scientific competence and
integrity.
14. 14. Competence. Maintain and improve your
own professional competence and expertise
through lifelong education and learning; take
steps to promote competence in science as a
whole. 15. Legality. Know and obey relevant
laws and institutional and government policies.
15. 16. Animal Care. Show proper respect and care
for animals when using them in research. Do
not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed
animal experiments.
17. Human Subjects protection. When
conducting a research on human subjects,
minimize harms and risks and maximize
benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and
anonymity.
 RIGHTS OF RESEARCH
PARTICIPANTS
 1. Human Rights. They are moral principles or norms that describe certain standards of
human behaviour and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights. They constitute
a set of rights and duties necessary for the protection of human dignity, inherent to all
human beings.
 2. Intellectual Property. It protects creations of the mind, which have both a moral and
a commercial value.
 3. Copyright Infringement. It is the use or production of copyright-protected material
without permission of the copyright holder. Copyright infringement means that the rights
accorded to the copyright holder, such as the exclusive use of a work for a set period of
time, are breached by a third party
 RIGHTS OF RESEARCH
PARTICIPANTS
 3. Copyright Infringement.

Examples:
 a. Downloading movies and music without proper payment for use.
 b. Recording movies in a theatre
 c. Using others’ photographs for a blog without permission
 d. Copying software code without giving proper credit
 e. Creating videos with unlicensed music clips
 RIGHTS OF RESEARCH
PARTICIPANTS
 4. Voluntary Participation. People must not be coerced into
participating in the research process. Essentially, this means that
prospective research participants must be informed about the
procedures and risks involved in research and must give their
consent to participate.
 5. Anonymity. It is the protection of people’s identity through not
disclosing their name or not exposing their identity. It is a situation
in data gathering activities in which informant’s name is not given
nor known.
 RIGHTS OF RESEARCH
PARTICIPANTS
6. Privacy. It is someone’s right to keep his personal
matters and relationships secret. It is the ability of an
individual to seclude him from disturbance of any
research activity.
ETHICAL STANDARDS IN RESEARCH
WRITING
Research Misconduct includes fabrication, falsification,
or plagiarism. It doesn’t include honest error of
differences of opinion. It can erode trust between
researchers and funding agencies, which make it more
difficult for colleagues at the same institution to receive
grants.
ETHICAL STANDARDS IN RESEARCH
WRITING
Research Misconduct includes fabrication, falsification,
or plagiarism. It doesn’t include honest error of
differences of opinion. It can erode trust between
researchers and funding agencies, which make it more
difficult for colleagues at the same institution to receive
grants.
 PLAGIARISM
 Plagiarism refers to the act of using another person’s ideas, works,
processes, and results without giving due credit. It should not be
tolerated as the unauthorized use of original works, a violation of
intellectual property rights.

Three different acts are considered plagiarism:

 1. Failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas,
 2. Failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks, and.
 3. Failure to put summaries and paraphrases in your own words
 PLAGIARISM
 Plagiarism refers to the act of using another person’s ideas, works,
processes, and results without giving due credit. It should not be
tolerated as the unauthorized use of original works, a violation of
intellectual property rights.

Three different acts are considered plagiarism:

 1. Failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas,
 2. Failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks, and.
 3. Failure to put summaries and paraphrases in your own words
LESSON 3: QUANTITATIVE AND
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
LESSON 3: QUANTITATIVE AND
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
LESSON 3: QUANTITATIVE AND
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 SIMILARITIES: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
o1. Both have the process of inquiry and investigation.
o2. Both improve life and help us in understanding various issues of
life and in giving solutions to our problems
o3. Both start with a problem and end with a new problem.
o4. Both use textual forms in analyzing and interpretation of data.
o5. Both use inductive and deductive methods of presenting data.
 LESSON 4: CHARACTERISTICS, STRENGTHS,
WEAKNESSES AND KINDS OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
oQualitative Research is a scientific method of observation to gather
non-numerical data. It refers to the meanings, concepts,
characteristics, metaphors, symbols and description of phenomena,
and not to their counts or measures. The purpose of Qualitative
Research is to promotes a deep, holistic understanding of a particular
phenomenon.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

o 1. Human understanding and interpretation in data analysis

o 2. Active, powerful and forceful in data gathering and rephrasing interview questions
o 3. Multiple research approaches and methods that allows you to plan your study and being
multi-method research 4
o . Specificity to generalization on specific ideas will lead to generalizations or conclusions.
o 5. Contextualization - context or situation of individual’s life
o 6. Diversified data in real-life situations on collecting data in a natural setting
o 7. Abounds with words and visuals that presents people’s view in a picture, video, drawing or
graphs.
o 8. Internal analysis on examining the data yielded by the internal traits of the subject persons.
 STRENGTHS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

o1. It adopts a naturalistic approach to its subject matter.

o2. Promotes a full understanding of human behavior/personality traits
in their natural setting.
o3. It is instrumental for positive societal changes.
o4. It engenders respect for people’s individuality.
o5. It’s a way of understanding & interpreting social interactions.
o6. Increases researcher’s interests in the study.
o7. Offers multiple ways of acquiring and examining knowledge about
something.
 WEAKNESSES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

o1. It involves a lot of researcher’s subjectivity in data

analysis.
o2. It is hard to know the validity/reliability of the data.
o3. It is open-ended questions yield “data overload” that
requires long-time analysis.
o4. It is time-consuming.
o5. It involves several processes, whose results greatly
depend on the researcher’s views or interpretations.
 KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

1. Case Study - Long time study of a person, group, organization or

situation and an empirical inquiry that investigates current
phenomenon. Example: “Teenage Pregnancy in the Public High
Schools”

2. Ethnography- a study of a particular cultural group. Example:

“Cultural Awareness and Integration of Peace Education in the
Indigenous Peoples (IP) Communities”.

3. Phenomenology- “live-experienced” of a phenomenon. Example:

“Life without Gadget”
 KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

4. Content and Discourse Analysis-

 Content Analysis- is a research technique that analyzes the modes

of communication such as letters, e-mails etc.
 Discourse Analysis- is the study of social life, understood through
analysis of language it includes face-to-face talk, non-verbal
interaction, images and symbols. Materials for Discourse Analysis
include books, newspapers, periodicals, brochures and
advertisements.

Example: “A Discourse Analysis on the Impact of Modern Technologies on

Communication”
 KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

5. Historical Analysis- is a qualitative method where there is

an examining of past events to draw conclusions and make
predictions about the future.
Example: “The Impact of Ferdinand Marcos’ Speech”

6. Grounded Theory- takes place when there is a discovery

of new theory which underlies your study at the time of data
collection and analysis.
Example: “The Story Behind the Migration of Christians
from Visayas and Luzon to Mindanao”
 KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

7. Narrative Report - designed to present things or events

that have happened in the past through a logical progression
of the relevant information. The main purpose of a narrative
report is to present a factual depiction of what has occurred.
Example: “Vocabulary Building of Students through Proper
Solid Waste Management”
 KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

8. Biography- is the study of an individual’s life and struggles and how they reflect cultural themes of
the society. It deals with an interesting story found in documents and archival materials. It is
concerned with the reconstruction of life histories and the constitution of meaning based on
biographical narratives and documents.
Five common types of biography are
a. Scholarly Chronicles -focus on the historical portrayal of an individual life. e.g. “Biography of
Gloria M. Arroyo, the First Woman President of the Philippines”
b. b. Intellectual Biography- narrative of a life through the conceptual analysis of the subject’s
motives and beliefs within the world of ideas. e.g. “Life and Works of Dr. Jose Rizal”
c. c. Life History Writing- recording of life memories, experiences, whether one’s or another’s. e.g.
“The Hardships of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW’s)”.
d. d. Memoir Biography- stylistic presentation of the biographer’s reflections and insights in relation
to the factual account of life. e.g. “The Experiences of Stranded Students in the COVID-19
Pandemic”
e. e. Narrative Biography-a nonfiction account of life experiences of a person
KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

9. Action Research- is a classroom-based or school-based

research seeks transformative change through the process of
taking action and doing research, which are linked together by
critical reflection. This type of research is commonly conducted
by the teachers to give solutions to the existing problems to
improve students’ academic performance and positive attitudes.
 LESSON 5: THE IMPORTANCE OF
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ACROSS FIELDS
OF INQUIRY
Qualitative research is oriented toward analyzing concrete cases in temporal and local
particularity. It starts from the respondents’ perspectives, expressions, and activities in
their local context.
In this case, qualitative research is important across many fields of inquiry because it is
designed for social sciences, psychology, and other fields. With this, qualitative
research would verify or validate the tendencies, transform it into research programs,
and maintain the necessary changes toward its objectives and tasks. For example,
qualitative research can be employed in health care research.
One may study people’s experiences of and access to health care. Various perspectives
of patients and professionals can be understood using qualitative research. An
individual’s experiences, attitudes, and circumstances in life that affect his/her health
needs and behavior can likewise be studied.
 LESSON 5: THE IMPORTANCE OF
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ACROSS FIELDS
OF INQUIRY
It is important because it:

 Provides insight into the complexity of common occurrences

 Provides specific concrete details to guide understanding in a particular
setting
 Provides insight into the “local” meanings that activities and practices
have for participants
 Develops a comparative understanding of phenomena as experienced by
different participants in different settings.
 LESSON 5: THE IMPORTANCE OF
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ACROSS FIELDS
OF INQUIRY
It is important because it:

 Provides insight into the complexity of common occurrences

 Provides specific concrete details to guide understanding in a particular
setting
 Provides insight into the “local” meanings that activities and practices
have for participants
 Develops a comparative understanding of phenomena as experienced by
different participants in different settings.
 LESSON 6: THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE
RESEARCH
WHAT IS A RESEARCH TITLE?

1. The most important element that defines the research problem.

2. It is usually read first and the most read part of the research.
3. It contains the least words enough to describe the contents and the
purpose of your research paper.
4. It can be revised any and many times as the research develops and
reach its final phase. It becomes final on its final defense before the
panel of judges.
 LESSON 6: THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE
RESEARCH
ELEMENTS OF A RESEARCH TITLE
The research title does not need to be entertaining but informative. A part of a research title has the following
information:
1. The subject matter or topic to be investigated. (“What?”)
2. The place or locale where the research is to be conducted. (“Where?”)
3. The population like the respondents’ interviewees. (“Who”?)
4. The time period of the study during which the data are to be collected. (“When”?)
 RULES IN CHOOSING A RESEARCH TOPIC

1. Interest in the subject matter. Interest in a subject

drives you to research, investigate, or inquire about it with
full motivation, enthusiasm, and energy.
 RULES IN CHOOSING A RESEARCH TOPIC
2. Availability of information. Information will serve as evidence to
support your claims about your subject matter from varied forms of
literature like books, journals, and newspapers, among others, is a part
and parcel of any research work.
What to include in the investigation of the available materials?
a. Update and authority of the materials.
b. Copyright dates of the materials? Are they new or old?
c. Expert or qualification of the writers of reading materials about
your topic
RULES IN CHOOSING A RESEARCH
TOPIC
3. Timeliness and relevance of the topic. How relevant
is the topic?
a. It yields results that are useful in society
b. Related to the present. (Except for pure or historical
research)
RULES IN CHOOSING A RESEARCH
TOPIC
4. Limitations on the subject. Connect your choice with course
requirements. You need to decide on one topic to finish your
course.

5. Personal resources. Do an assessment on your research

abilities in terms of your financial standing, health condition,
mental capacity, needed facilities, and time schedule to enable
you to complete your research. You have to raise an amount of
money needed to spend on questionnaire printing and interview
trips.
RESEARCH TOPICS TO BE AVOIDED
1. Controversial topics. It depends more on the writer’s opinion leading to biases.
Facts cannot support this topic.
2. Highly technical subjects. Not advisable for beginners as these topics require an
advanced study, technical knowledge, and skills.
3. Hard-to-investigate subjects. Happens if there are no available reading materials
about it and if such materials are not up-to-date.
4. Too broad subjects. It prevents you from to focus on the subject matter of the paper.
Narrow down or limit the subject to eliminate the problem.
5. Too narrow subjects. Subjects that are so limited where an extensive searching is
necessary.
6. Vague subjects. Titles beginning with indefinite adjectives such as several, many,
some, etc., as in “Some Remarkable Traits of a Filipino” or “Several People’s
Comments on the RH Law,” are vague enough to decrease the readers’ interests and
curiosity.
 SOURCES OF RESEARCH TOPICS
1. Mass media communication – press (newspapers, ads, TV, radio, films,
etc.)
2. Books, Internet, peer-reviewed journals, government publications
3. Professional periodicals like College English Language Teaching Forum,
English Forum, the Economist, Academia, Business Circle, Law Review,
etc.
4. General periodicals such as Readers’ Digest, Women’s Magazine,
Panorama, Magazine, Time Magazine, World Mission Magazine, etc.
5. Previous reading assignments in your other subjects
6. Work experience – clues to a researchable topic from full-time or part-
time jobs, OJT (on-the-job training) experience, fieldwork, etc.
LESSON ACTIVITIES
 LESSON 2:
ACTIVITIES
Direction: Identify what characteristic of a researcher is being referred to in the following statements.
Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
 LESSON 2:
ACTIVITIES
B. Question and Answer. Directions: Answer the questions briefly.
Write your answers on the space provided. (2 points each)
1. Why is research practical and realistic?
2. The first step of research process is to develop your topic or research
problem. What is the importance of considering those factors in
selecting a research problem?
3. Explain briefly. Research starts with a problem and ends with a new
problem.
4. What is the purpose of research ethics in doing research work?
5. A research can be replicated but not the findings. Why
 LESSON 3: QUANTITATIVE AND
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Direction: Determine whether each word or group of words indicates Qualitative Research or
Quantitative Research.
__________________1.Naturalistic
__________________2.To validate the already constructed theory __________________3.Hypothesis
__________________4.Multiple Methods
__________________5.No criteria
__________________6.Pure words, phrases, sentences, compositions and stories are used in data
analysis
__________________7.Open-Ended Questions
__________________8.Highly-structured Research
__________________9.Objective
__________________10. Subjective
LESSON 3: QUANTITATIVE AND
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 LESSON 4: CHARACTERISTICS, STRENGTHS,
WEAKNESSES AND KINDS OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
Define the following kinds of qualitative research on your own understanding.
1. Case Study
2. Ethnography
3. Phenomenology
4. Content and Discourse Analysis
5. Historical Analysis
6. Grounded Theory
7. Narrative Report
8. Biography
9. Action Research
 LESSON 4: CHARACTERISTICS, STRENGTHS,
WEAKNESSES AND KINDS OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
B. Can you recognize the nature of qualitative research; its characteristics, strengths, and
weaknesses? Kindly provide your brief explanation.
LESSON 5: THE IMPORTANCE OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH ACROSS FIELDS OF INQUIRY
Given the following Research topics, name the specific subject on each topic and give the importance on
researching such topic in a person’s day to day life. The first one is done for you
 LESSON 4: CHARACTERISTICS, STRENGTHS,
WEAKNESSES AND KINDS OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
B. Essay Explain the importance of Qualitative research. (5 points)
 LESSON 6: THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE
RESEARCH
Given the following broad topics
for research, select one topic of
your choice and narrow or limit the
topic to make it specific. Use the
narrowing chart to fill in the topic.
Topics to choose:
1. Climate Change
2. Social Networking
3. Communication Skills
4. Medicinal Plants
5. Cultural Beliefs
 LESSON 6: THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE
RESEARCH
B. Thinking back, what subject matter most interesting to you? Propose a title out of the above research
topics. Write your title on the spaces provided.