REVIEWER – PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
RESEARCH
 Systematic and objective creation of knowledge
 continuous undertaking of making known the
unknown
 very careful investigation of something that
purports the contribution of additional or new
knowledge and wisdom
 follows a step-by-step process of investigation
that uses a standardized approach in answering
questions or solving problem
INQUIRY
 defined as “a seeking for truth, information or
knowledge”.
 problem-solving technique.
 synonymous with the word investigation.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
 It provides scientific basis for any practice or
methodology in any field or discipline.
 It is undertaken for the continuous development
and further productivity in any field.
 It helps in developing tools for assessing
effectiveness of any practice and operation.
 It provides solutions to problems concerning
almost all issues encountered in the different
areas of work.
 It impacts decision-making.
 It develops and evaluates alternative approaches
to the educational aspects of any discipline.
 It aims to advance the personal and professional
qualifications of a practitioner.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
 CYCLICAL. It starts with a problem and ends
with a problem.
 EMPIRICAL. This means that any conclusion
drawn is totally based upon ethical or hard
evidence gathered information collected.
 SYSTEMATIC. The study or research process
should follow a sequence that logically
terminates in the result.
 OBJECTIVE. Unbiased or not influenced by
personal feelings or opinions in considering and
representing facts.
 FEASIBLE. CAN be answered under objective
aspects like time, scope, resources, expertise, or
funding.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH
1. INFORMED CONSENT.
2. HONESTY. Data should never be fabricated,
falsified, or misrepresented.
3. OBJECTIVITY. Biases should be avoided.
4. INTEGRITY. Consistency of thought and action
is the foundation of the credibility of research
work. Promises and agreements should be kept
and all actions should be made with sincere
purpose.
5. CAREFULNESS. Careless errors and
negligence should be avoided.
6. OPENNESS. The researcher should be open to
criticisms and new idea.
7. RESPECT FOR INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY. Proper acknowledgement should
be given to all authors cited and sources used in
your research. Do not use published or
unpublished data, methods, or results without
permission. Give credit here credit is due. Never
plagiarize, fabricate and falsify.
8. CONFIDENTIALITY. Protect confidential
communications, such as papers or grants
submitted for publication, personnel records,
trade or military secrets, and patient records.
9. RESPONSIBLE MENTORING. Help educate,
mentor, and advise others. Promote their welfare
and allow them to make their own decisions.
10. RESPONSIBLE PUBLICATION. Publish in
order to advance research and scholarship, not to
advance your own career. Avoid wasteful and
duplicative publication.
11. RESPECT FOR COLLEAGUES. Respect your
colleagues’ opinion, treat them fairly and do not
outsmart others.
12. SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY. Strive to promote
social acceptance and expertise through
research, public education, and advocacy.
13. NON-DISCRIMINATION. Avoid
discrimination against colleagues or students on
the basis of sex, race, ethnicity. Or other factors
that are not related to their scientific competence
and integrity.
14. COMPETENCE. Maintain and improve your
own professional competence and expertise
through lifelong education and learning; take
steps to promote competence in science as a
whole.
15. LEGALITY. Know and obey relevant laws and
institutional and government policies.
16. ANIMAL CARE. Show proper respect and care
for animals when using them in research. Do not
 conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal COMMON TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
experiments. (Merriam , S.B.,et al, 2002)
17. HUMAN SUBJECTS PROTECTION. When
1. Phenomenological study
conducting a research on human subjects,
It examines human experiences (lived
minimize harms and risks and maximize
experiences) through the descriptions
benefits; respect human dignity, privacy and
provided by subjects or respondents.
anonymity.
Ex. What are the common experiences
ETHICAL STANDARDS IN RESEARCH WRITING
encountered by a person with a spouse who is
Research misconduct includes fabrication, undergoing rehabilitation? (discover the inner feelings,
falsification, or plagiarism. It doesn’t include honest emotional hardships, and mental disturbances that the
error of differences of opinion. It can erode trust respondent is experiencing)
between researchers and funding agencies, which make
2. Ethnographic study
it more difficult for colleagues at the same institution to
It involves the collection and analysis of
receive grants.
data about cultural groups or minorities.
Ex. What is the demographic profile and
PLAGIARISM refers to the act of using another migratory adaptations of squatter families in Barangay
person’s ideas, works, processes, and results without Cutcut, Angeles City (dela Cruz, 1994)? (immerses with
giving due credit. It should not be tolerated as the subjects and becomes involved with the activities that
unauthorized use of original works, a violation of exemplify the cultural practices of the respondents)
intellectual property rights.
3. Historical study
Different Acts considered as plagiarism: Concerned with the identification,
location, evaluation, and synthesis of data
1. Failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas.
from past events. It also involves relating
2. Failure to enclose borrowed language in
their implications to the present and future
quotation marks.
time.
3. Failure to put summaries and paraphrases in
your own words. Ex. What were the roles of women in the
Katipunan?
PROCESS OF CONDUCTING RESEARCH
4. Case study
1. Define the Problem
An in-depth examination of an
2. Formulate Hypothesis
individual, groups of people, or an
3. Review Related Literature
institution.
4. Design Research
5. Collecting and Analyzing Data Ex. How do cancer survivors look at life? (able
6. Reporting Results to give an overview of the problem by interviewing a
cancer survivor about his or her experiences)
QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
Confirm or test hypotheses Formulate hypotheses and
and theories understand or explore ideas
Data are expressed in Data are expressed in 5. Grounded theory study (to develop theory)
numbers and graphs words and pictures Involves comparing collected units of
Larger Sample size Smaller sample size data against one another until categories,
Objective Subjective properties, and hypotheses that state
Data are gathered through Data are gathered through relations between these categories and
surveys, questionnaires with interviews with open-ended properties emerge.
close-ended questions. questions and/or
observation. Ex. Ten school counselors were given structured
Who, what, when, where How, what, why interviews to help determine how their professional
Math/statistical analysis Summarize, categorize, identity is formed.
interpret
 6. Narrative analysis STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM/OBJECTIVES
Main source of data are the life accounts of
individuals based on their personal  The objectives/research questions should be
experiences. The purpose is to extract anchored to the title of the research.
meaningful context from these experiences SEQUENCE IN WRITING RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Common Types: 1. Research topic
a. Psychological – involves analyzing the 2. Research problem
story in terms of internal thoughts and 3. Main research question
motivations. It also analyzes the written 4. Specific research question
text or spoken words for its component BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
parts or patterns.
b. Biographical – takes the individual’s  A research gap is a question or a problem that
society and factors like gender and class has not been answered by any of the existing
into account. studies or research within your field.
c. Discourse analysis – studies approach in
SEQUENCE IN WRITING BACKGROUND OF THE
which language is used in texts and
STUDY
contexts.
1. General information
WEAKNESSES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
2. Specific context
 Time consuming 3. Purpose Statement
 Data overload 4. Gap
 Involves a lot of researchers’ subjectivity SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS
(Anderson, 2010)  The scope details what your study will explore,
 Knowledge produced might not be such as the target population, extent, or study
applicable to other people or other setting duration.
 Inflexibility is more difficult to maintain,  Delimitations are factors and variables not
assess, and demonstrate included in the study.
 Sometimes not as well understood and  Scope of the study includes purpose of the
accepted as quantitative research within the study, research locale, and research timeframe.
scientific community SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
 Researcher’s presence during data gathering
can affect subject’s responses  Establish the general and specific contributions
 Issues of anonymity and confidentiality can of the study
present problems when presenting findings  Includes all possible beneficiaries
 Difficult to make qualitative predictions REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE
 More difficult to test hypotheses and
theories with large participants pool  APA
 Have lower credibility with some o Requires both in-text and a reference
administrators and commissioners of list.
programs  In-text citation must include author’s last name
 Takes more time to collect the data and the date of publication
 Data analysis is often time consuming  Cite three authors at the end of paragraph
 The results are more easily influenced by the o ……mind (Aya, Basa & Royo, 2018).
researcher’s personal biases and  Intext citation with page number
idiosyncrasies o …..believe (p. 54).
RESEARCH TITLE

 Include the major variables

 Describe or imply the participants
METHODS OF PRESENTING LITERATURE
REVIEW

 CHRONOLOGICAL. A chronological literature

review is a type of review that looks at the
development of a particular topic or idea over
time. This can be helpful in understanding how
an issue has evolved or changed over time and
provide insights into current debates on the
topic. In order to write a chronological literature
review, you will need to identify and locate
relevant sources that cover the topic in question.
Once you have gathered your sources, you will
need to read and analyze them in order to
identify key trends and developments. Finally,
you will need to synthesize this information in a
way that tells a coherent story about the
evolution of the topic.
 THEMATIC. A thematic literature review is an
evaluation of existing research on a particular
topic, with a focus on themes or patterns that
emerge from the work as a whole. This type of
review can be helpful in identifying gaps in the
current body of knowledge, or in pointing out
areas where future research may be needed. In
order to write a successful thematic literature
review, it is important to select a manageable
topic and to carefully read and analyze the
existing body of work on that topic. It is also
crucial to identify and articulate the main theme
or pattern that emerges from the literature; this
will be the focus of your review.
 METHODOLOGICAL. A methodological
literature review is a detailed and comprehensive
assessment of all the research methods used in a
particular area of study. It involves critically
evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of
different research methods, and determining
which method is best suited to answering a
specific research question. A methodological
literature review is an important tool for any
researcher, as it helps to identify the most
appropriate research methods for their particular
area of inquiry.
 THEORETICAL. A theoretical literature review
is a comprehensive survey of all the theories that
relate to a particular area of research. It includes
both published and unpublished works and
covers both classic and contemporary theory.