Primer in

Research
MARTIN CEAZAR M. HERMOCILLA,MRIW
Research Instructor
RESEAR
CH
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+ Context of the Word
+ Prefix RE- “Again” +
Search = Searching Again

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+ Dictionary Meaning
+ Longman Dictionary of contemporary English .(1997) Research
as a serious study of a subject that is intended to discover new
facts or test ideas.
+ According to The Merriam- (Webster online Dictionary). A
studious inquiry or examination, especially; investigation or
experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of
facts, revision of accepted theories or law in the light of new
facts or practical application of such new or revised theories or
law

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+ Different Authors/Experts in the field of Research
+ According to Waltz and Bansell (1981). Research is a systematic,
formal, rigorous and precise process employed to gain solutions to
problems or to discover and interpret new facts and relationships.
+ According to Kothari (2006). Research is a pursuit of trust with the help
of study, observation, comparison and experiment, the search for
knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding
solutions to a problem.
+ According to Payton (1979). Research is the process of looking for a
specific question in an organized, objective, reliable way.
+ Kerlinger (1873). Research is a systematic controlled, empirical and
critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed
relations among natural phenomena.

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IMPORTANCE OF
RESEARCH

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 Knowledge
Production

The
Importance
Finding
Answers of Research Progress and
Development

in our Daily
Life

Human
Convinience

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 Knowledge Production- We can say that this is the main significance of research—
producing knowledge. It’s either discover new knowledge ( i.e. experiments,
innovations) or confirm existing knowledge
 Finding Answers- Research provides problems but also generates solutions
 Progress and Development- There’s will be no progress and development without
research
 Human Convenience – Product of research provides comfort to us. It makes the
world a better place to live in.

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CHARACTERISTI
CS OF RESEARCH

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 Empirical

Logical

Characteristics of
Cyclical

Resarch
Analytical

Critical

Methodical

Replicability

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 “
1. Empirical – research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.
2. Logical – research is based on valid procedures and principles.
3. Cyclical – research starts with a problem and ends with a problem
4. Analytical – research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering data, whether
historical, descriptive, experimental, and case study.
5. Critical – research exhibits careful and precise judgment.
6. Methodical – research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic
method and procedures.
7. Replicability – research design and procedures are repeated to enable the researcher to arrive
at valid and conclusive results.

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THE RESEARCH
PROCESS

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Research is about gathering information, thus the Information Literacy Chart is the best
way to present its process.

1. Identify the problem- What do I really need to find out?

2. Collect Information- How to I find the information?
3. Process Information- What information is relevant and reliable?
4. Analyze the Information- How can I use this information?
5. Present and Assess the information- How can I communicate my research? What
did I learn from the process?

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THE ETHICS IN
RESEARCH

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+ Honesty- Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly report data, results, methods and
procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. Do not deceive
colleagues, research sponsors, or the public.
+ Objectivity- Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review,
personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research where objectivity is
expected or required. Avoid or minimize bias or self-deception. Disclose personal or financial interests
that may affect research.
+ Integrity- Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and
action.
+ Carefulness- Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work and
the work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities, such as data collection, research
design, and correspondence with agencies or journals.
+ Openness- Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.
+ Intellectual Property- Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use
unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give proper acknowledgement or credit for
all contributions to research. Never plagiarize.

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+ Confidentiality- Protect confidential communications, such as papers or
grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets,
and patient records.
+ Responsible Publication- Publish in order to advance research and
scholarship, not to advance just your own career. Avoid wasteful and
duplicative publication.
+ Responsible Mentoring- Help to educate, mentor, and advise students.
Promote their welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.
+ Respect for Colleagues- Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly.
+ Social Responsibility- Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate
social harms through research, public education, and advocacy.

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+ Non-Discrimination- Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis
of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors not related to scientific competence and integrity.
+ Competence-Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise
through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as
a whole.
+ Legality- Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies.
+ Animal Care- Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research.
Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments
+ Human Subjects protection- When conducting research on human subjects, minimize
harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy;
take special precautions with vulnerable populations; and strive to distribute the benefits
and burdens of research fairly

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 THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!
Reference:
+ Hermocilla, Gutierrez et.al “Simplified Approach in
Research Writing” Unpublished
+ *Working in Progress Manuscript for Publication

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