REVIEWER IN PR1

 RESEARCH – scientific investigation of phenomena.

 WHY IS RESEARCH IS DONE

 To gain new knowledge
 To add to present or existing theories
 To support or debunk existing theories
 To develop new theories and novel ideas
 To gather necessary information
 To make changes
 To improve the standard of living
 For a safer life
 To know the truth
 To explore our history
 To understand arts.
 3I’S OF RESEARCH
 INQUIRRY – a seeking of truth, information or knowledge.
- It is problem solving technique and it is asking question.
 INVESTIGATION – It has a deeper meaning compared to “inquiry”
 IMMERSION – It is a process whereby a researcher immerses.

 PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
 To inform action
 To prove or generate a theory
 To augment knowledge in a field or study
(augment – to add)
 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

1. Empirical – direct experience or observation

2. Logical – valid procedures and principles (not jumping into conclusion)

3. Cyclical – starts with a problem and ends with a problem.

4. Analytical – utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data.

5. Critical - judgement
6. Methodical – Conducted in a methodical manner without bias

7. Replicability – valid and conclusive results.

 7 STEPS OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS

- Step 1 : Define ad develop your topic ( research problem)

1. researcher’s area of interest

2. availability of funds
3. investigators ability and training.

- Step 2 : Find background information about your chosen topic (RRL)

- Step 3 : Plan your research design including your sample (methodology)
- Step 4 : Gather necessary data using open ended questions and close-
ended questionnaire (data gathering procedure)

 Close-ended question (choises) – (quantitative)

 Open-ended question (interview – (qualitative)
- Step 5 : Process and analyse data using thematic analysis and statistical
tools.
 Thematic analysis (qualitative)
 Statistical tools (quantitative
- Step 6 : Formulate new insights gaired conclusions and recommendation
 Finding – conclusion – recommendation
- Step 7 : Define new problem

 RESEARCH ETHICS – guidelines for the responsible conduct of research

which educates and monitors researchers to ensure high standard.
 17 ETHICS IN RESEARCH
 INFORMED CONSENT
 HONESTY
 OBJECTIVTY
 INTEGRITY
 CAREFULNESS
 OPENNESS
 RESPECT FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
 CONFIDENTIALITY
  RESPONSIBLE MENTORING
 RESPONSIBLE PUBLICATION
 RESPECT FOR COLLEAGUES
 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
 NON – DISCRIMINATION
 COMPETENCE
 LEGALITY
 ANIMAL CARE
 HUMAN SUBJECTS PROTECTION
 RIGHTS OF PARTICIPANTS

1. HUMAN RIGHTS – They are moral principles or norms that describe certain
standard at human behaivor

2. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY – It protects creation at the mind, which home both

a moral and commercial value

3. COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT – It is the use of production of copyright

protected material without permission of the copyright holder

4. VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION – people must not be overwhelmed into

participating in research process.

5. ANONYMITY – It is the production of peoples identity through not

disclosing their name or not exposing their identity.

6. PRIVACY – It is someone’s right to keep his personal matters and

relationship secret.

 QUANTITATIVE – Refersto number, data must be measurable and

presented in terms of statistical patterns and association

 QUALITATIVE – Non – quantifiable, focus on values, processes,

experiences, language and meaning

 TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE

 EXPERIMENTAL (Pre, true, quasi)

 NON-EXPERIMENTAL – (Descriptive, comparative)
 ACTION RESEARCH

 TYPES OF QUALITATIVE
 Ethriography – ethnic groups
- Immersion – to experiences their lifestyle
 PHENOMENOLOGY – Phenomenon
 CASE STUDY – Long study
 DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
 GROUNDED THEORY
 BIOGRAPHY – Talambuhay ng iba
 AUTO BIOGRAPH – Sariling talambuhay
 FIELDS

 ARTS – BASED – Classroom environment

 HUMANITIES – Child in conflict with the law
 SCIENCE – Herbal medicines
 ICT – Digital age
 BUSINESS – Financial management