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4 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

Thursday, 27 January 2022 7:34 am

Theoretical Framework
- a framework based on an existing theory in a field of inquiry that is learned and/or
reflects the hypothesis of a study

Steps to Create a Theoretic Framework

1. Identify your key concepts
2. Evaluate and explain relevant theories
3. Show how your research fits in

Example

Conceptual Framework
- It is the researcher’s explanation of how the research problem would be explored

Example

Research Ethics
Ethical Considerations in Qualitative Research

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Ethics
- It is the part of human philosophy concerned with appropriate conduct and virtuous
living (Given, 2008).

Importance of Ethics in Research:

1. To protect research participants’ rights and welfare, and reduce the risk of
physical and psychological discomfort, damage, and/or threats appearing
because of research procedures;
2. To protect the rights of the researchers to carry out a lawful research and
reputation of the university implementing or supporting research;
3. To reduce the probability of claims for negligence against specific researchers,
universities, and all cooperating persons or organizations;

12 Ethical Principles
Honesty Integrity Openness
Objectivity Carefulness Respectful for Intellectual
Confidentiality Social Responsibility Competence
Legality Animal Care Human Subjects Protections

1. Honesty
- Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status.
Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data.

2. Objectivity
- Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation,
peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other
aspects of research.
3. Integrity
- Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of
thought and action.
 If you interview for 30 minutes, you stick to it only with the exact time.
 As well as 5 questions, it should only be like that.
4. Carefulness
- Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own
work and the work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities.
 Reread your records and the things you will put in your research because
whatever you will commit there, it is documentated now.
5. Openness
- Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.
 Once shared to everyone, not everything that is good to you is good for
everyone. Be open to improve.

6. Respectful for Intellectual Property

- Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use
unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give credit where
credit is due. Never plagiarize.

7. Confidentiality
- Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for
publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records

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 publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records

8. Social Responsibility
- Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through
research, public education, and advocacy.

9. Competence
- Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through
lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science.

10. Legality
- Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies.

11. Animal Care

- Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do not
conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.

12. Human Subjects Protection

- When conducting research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and
maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy.

Misconducts of Research
1. Fabrication
- - You make up data or results before reporting them
2. Falsification
- You manipulate or omit the data/results gathered. It will not become accurate
and affects the whole research
3. Plagiarism
- - Inappropriation of someone else's ideas, thoughts, words without credit
- Even if the result is common, still report it

Application of Research Ethics

Importance of Ethics in Qualitative Research

Remember
1. Consider codes of ethics (ethical principles)
2. Have participants sign informed consent forms.
3. Obtain and secure necessary permissions;
 When you need apointments and select a site with interest; example is
during face to face and when meeting them, if they prefer starbucks
 But in an online situation, be considerate now. If you have zoom whereas
they don't, adjust for them.
4. Select a site without vested interests
5. Negotiate authorship for publication

Elements of Informed Consent Form

Sarantakos (2005, in Creswell, 2018)
▪ Identification of the researcher
▪ Identification of the institution
▪ Identification of the purpose of the study
▪ Identification of the benefits for participating
▪ Identification of the level and type of participant involvement

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 ▪ Identification of the level and type of participant involvement
▪ Notation of risks to the participant
▪ Guarantee of confidentiality to the participant
▪ Assurance that the participant can withdraw at any time
▪ Provision of names of persons to contact if questions arise

References
Creswell, J. W. & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: qualitative, quantitative,
and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). Sage Publications.

Given, L. M. (Ed.) (2008). The SAGE encyclopedia of qualitative research methods.

Sage Publications.

Shamoo, A. & Resnik, D. (2009). Responsible conduct of research (2nd ed.).

Oxford University Press.

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